ROMANIA
Ukraine
Slovakia
Moldova
Hungary
Romania
Law and Practice Contributed by: Manuela Guia, Otilia Vîlcu, Violeta Geru and Cristina Badea GNP Guia Naghi & Partners
Bucharest
Serbia
Bulgaria
Contents 1. Introduction P.141 1.1 Current Framework for Private Antitrust Litigation p.141 1.2 Recent Developments p.142 2. Private Antitrust Claims: Basis and Procedure P.142 2.1 Statutory Basis p.142 2.2 Courts p.143 2.3 Impact of Competition Authorities p.144 2.4 Proof p.144 2.5 Pass-On Defence p.145 3. Limitation Periods and the Duration of Litigation P.145 3.1 Statute of Limitations p.145 3.2 Typical Length of Private Antitrust Litigation p.146 4. Class and Collective Actions P.146 4.1 Statutory Basis p.146 4.2 Opting In or Out p.146 4.3 Direct/Indirect Purchasers p.147 4.4 Class Certification p.147 5. Choice of Jurisdiction P.147 5.1 Rules on Jurisdiction and Applicable Law p.147 6. Disclosure/Discovery P.148 6.1 Disclosure/Discovery Procedure p.148 6.2 Legal Professional Privilege p.148 6.3 Leniency and Settlement Agreements p.149
7. Witness and Expert Opinions P.149 7.1 Witness Procedure p.149 7.2 Expert Witness Role and Procedure p.149 8. Damages P.150 8.1 Damages: Assessment, Passing On and Interest p.150 9. Liability and Contribution P.150 9.1 Joint and Several Liability p.150 9.2 Contribution p.150 10. Other Remedies P.151 10.1 Injunctions p.151 10.2 Alternative Dispute Resolution p.151 11. Funding and Costs P.151 11.1 Litigation Funding p.151 11.2 Costs p.151 12. Appeals P.152 12.1 Basis of Appeal p.152 13. Looking Forward P.152 13.1 Legislative Trends and Other Developments p.152
139 A NTITRUST LI T IGATI O N 2026
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