TURKEY
Russia
Black Sea
Bulgaria
Georgia
Ankara
Turkey
Law and Practice Contributed by: Gökşin Kekevi, Yıldız Akınsal and Öykü İncekara Özay Law Firm
Syria
Iraq
Cyprus
Contents 1. Introduction P.201 1.1 Current Framework for Private Antitrust Litigation p.201 1.2 Recent Developments p.202 2. Private Antitrust Claims: Basis and Procedure P.202 2.1 Statutory Basis p.202 2.2 Courts p.202 2.3 Impact of Competition Authorities p.202 2.4 Proof p.202 2.5 Pass-On Defence p.203 3. Limitation Periods and the Duration of Litigation P.203 3.1 Statute of Limitations p.203 3.2 Typical Length of Private Antitrust Litigation p.203 4. Class and Collective Actions P.204 4.1 Statutory Basis p.204 4.2 Opting In or Out p.204 4.3 Direct/Indirect Purchasers p.204 4.4 Class Certification p.204 5. Choice of Jurisdiction P.204 5.1 Rules on Jurisdiction and Applicable Law p.204 6. Disclosure/Discovery P.204 6.1 Disclosure/Discovery Procedure p.204 6.2 Legal Professional Privilege p.204 6.3 Leniency and Settlement Agreements p.205
7. Witness and Expert Opinions P.205 7.1 Witness Procedure p.205 7.2 Expert Witness Role and Procedure p.205 8. Damages P.205 8.1 Damages: Assessment, Passing On and Interest p.205 9. Liability and Contribution P.206 9.1 Joint and Several Liability p.206 9.2 Contribution p.206 10. Other Remedies P.206 10.1 Injunctions p.206 10.2 Alternative Dispute Resolution p.206 11. Funding and Costs P.207 11.1 Litigation Funding p.207 11.2 Costs p.207 12. Appeals P.207 12.1 Basis of Appeal p.207 13. Looking Forward P.207 13.1 Legislative Trends and Other Developments p.207
199 A NTITRUST LI T IGATI O N 2026
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