UK
The United Kingdom London
Ireland
Law and Practice Contributed by: Samantha Ward, Ben Jasper, Ryan Byrne and Chloe Lettington Clifford Chance LLP
Germany
Belgium
France
Contents 1. Introduction P.4 1.1 Current Framework for Private Antitrust Litigation p.4 1.2 Recent Developments p.4 2. Private Antitrust Claims: Basis and Procedure P.8 2.1 Statutory Basis p.8 2.2 Courts p.9 2.3 Impact of Competition Authorities p.9 2.4 Proof p.10 2.5 Pass-On Defence p.10 3. Limitation Periods and the Duration of Litigation P.11 3.1 Statute of Limitations p.11 3.2 Typical Length of Private Antitrust Litigation p.12 4. Class and Collective Actions P.12 4.1 Statutory Basis p.12 4.2 Opting In or Out p.12 4.3 Direct/Indirect Purchasers p.13 4.4 Class Certification p.13 5. Choice of Jurisdiction P.14 5.1 Rules on Jurisdiction and Applicable Law p.14 6. Disclosure/Discovery P.14 6.1 Disclosure/Discovery Procedure p.14 6.2 Legal Professional Privilege p.15 6.3 Leniency and Settlement Agreements p.15
7. Witness and Expert Opinions P.16 7.1 Witness Procedure p.16 7.2 Expert Witness Role and Procedure p.16 8. Damages P.17 8.1 Damages: Assessment, Passing On and Interest p.17 9. Liability and Contribution P.17 9.1 Joint and Several Liability p.17 9.2 Contribution p.18 10. Other Remedies P.18 10.1 Injunctions p.18 10.2 Alternative Dispute Resolution p.19 11. Funding and Costs P.19 11.1 Litigation Funding p.19 11.2 Costs p.19 12. Appeals P.20 12.1 Basis of Appeal p.20 13. Looking Forward P.21 13.1 Legislative Trends and Other Developments p.21
216 ANTITRUST LITIGATION 2026
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