Antitrust Litigation_2026

USA

Canada

United States of America

Washington DC

Law and Practice Contributed by: Robert Houck, William Lavery, Leigh Oliver and Joseph Ostoyich Clifford Chance LLP

Mexico

Contents 1. Introduction P.244 1.1 Current Framework for Private Antitrust Litigation p.244 1.2 Recent Developments p.245 2. Private Antitrust Claims: Basis and Procedure P.245 2.1 Statutory Basis p.245 2.2 Courts p.246 2.3 Impact of Competition Authorities p.246 2.4 Proof p.247 2.5 Pass-On Defence p.247 3. Limitation Periods and the Duration of Litigation P.247 3.1 Statute of Limitations p.247 3.2 Typical Length of Private Antitrust Litigation p.247 4. Class and Collective Actions P.248 4.1 Statutory Basis p.248 4.2 Opting In or Out p.248 4.3 Direct/Indirect Purchasers p.248 4.4 Class Certification p.248 5. Choice of Jurisdiction P.249 5.1 Rules on Jurisdiction and Applicable Law p.249 6. Disclosure/Discovery P.250 6.1 Disclosure/Discovery Procedure p.250 6.2 Legal Professional Privilege p.250 6.3 Leniency and Settlement Agreements p.251

7. Witness and Expert Opinions P.252 7.1 Witness Procedure p.252 7.2 Expert Witness Role and Procedure p.252 8. Damages P.252 8.1 Damages: Assessment, Passing On and Interest p.252 9. Liability and Contribution P.253 9.1 Joint and Several Liability p.253 9.2 Contribution p.253 10. Other Remedies P.254 10.1 Injunctions p.254 10.2 Alternative Dispute Resolution p.254 11. Funding and Costs P.254 11.1 Litigation Funding p.254 11.2 Costs p.255 12. Appeals P.255 12.1 Basis of Appeal p.255 13. Looking Forward P.256 13.1 Legislative Trends and Other Developments p.256

242 A NTITRUST LI T IGATI O N 2026

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