COSTA RICA
Nicaragua
San José
Costa Rica
Panama
Law and Practice Contributed by: Germán Pochet Ballester BioIuris
Pacific Ocean
Contents 1. Regulatory Framework and Law p.106 1.1 Environmental Protection Policies, Principles and Laws p.106 2. Enforcement Authorities and Mechanisms p.106 2.1 Regulatory Authorities p.106 2.2 Co-Operation p.106 3. Environmental Protections p.107 3.1 Protection of Environmental Assets p.107 3.2 Breaching Protections p.107 4. Environmental Incidents and Permits p.107 4.1 Investigative and Access Powers p.107 4.2 Environmental Permits/Approvals p.107 4.3 Regulators’ Approach to Policy and Enforcement p.108 4.4 Transferring Permits/Approvals p.108 4.5 Consequences of Breaching Permits/Approvals p.108 5. Environmental Liability p.109 5.1 Key Types of Liability p.109 5.2 Liability for Historical Environmental Incidents or Damage p.109 5.3 Key Defences p.109 6. Corporate Liability p.109 6.1 Liability for Environmental Damage or Breaches of Environmental Law p.109 6.2 Environmental Taxes p.110 6.3 Incentives, Exemptions and Penalties p.110 6.4 Shareholder or Parent Company Liability p.110
10. Civil Liability p.111 10.1 Civil Claims p.111 10.2 Exemplary or Punitive Damages p.112 10.3 Class or Group Actions p.112 10.4 Landmark Cases p.112 11. Contractual Agreements p.112 11.1 Transferring or Apportioning Liability p.112 12. Contaminated Land p.113 12.1 Key Laws Governing Contaminated Land p.113 12.2 Clearing Contaminated Land p.113 12.3 Determining Liability p.113 12.4 Proceedings Against Polluters p.113 12.5 Investigating Environmental Accidents p.114 13. Climate Change and Emissions Trading p.114 13.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws p.114 13.2 Targets to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions p.114 14. Asbestos and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) p.115 14.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws Relating to Asbestos and PCBs p.115 15. Waste p.115 15.1 Key Laws and Regulatory Controls p.115 15.2 Retention of Environmental Liability p.115 15.3 Circular Economy Requirements p.115 15.4 Rights and Obligations Applicable to Waste Operators p.116 16. Environmental Disclosure and Information p.116 16.1 Disclosure and Reporting Requirements p.116 16.2 Public Environmental Information p.117 16.3 Corporate Disclosure Requirement p.117 16.4 Green Finance p.117 17. Transactions p.117 17.1 Environmental Due Diligence p.117 17.2 Disclosure of Environmental Information p.118 17.3 Key Issues in Environmental Due Diligence p.118
6.5 ESG Requirements p.110 6.6 Environmental Audits p.111 7. Personal Liability p.111 7.1 Directors and Other Officers p.111 8. Insurance p.111 8.1 Environmental Insurance p.111 9. Lender Liability p.111 9.1 Financial Institutions/Lenders p.111 9.2 Lender Protection p.111
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