FINLAND
Russia
Sweden
Finland
Law and Practice Contributed by: Kari Marttinen, Laura Leino, Outi Iso-Markku and Aino Lahti-Nuuttila Erottaja Attorneys Ltd
Helsinki
Contents 1. Regulatory Framework and Law p.192 1.1 Environmental Protection Policies, Principles and Laws p.192 2. Enforcement Authorities and Mechanisms p.193 2.1 Regulatory Authorities p.193 2.2 Co-Operation p.193 3. Environmental Protections p.193 3.1 Protection of Environmental Assets p.193 3.2 Breaching Protections p.194 4. Environmental Incidents and Permits p.194 4.1 Investigative and Access Powers p.194 4.2 Environmental Permits/Approvals p.194 4.3 Regulators’ Approach to Policy and Enforcement p.195 4.4 Transferring Permits/Approvals p.195 4.5 Consequences of Breaching Permits/Approvals p.195 5. Environmental Liability p.196 5.1 Key Types of Liability p.196 5.2 Liability for Historical Environmental Incidents or Damage p.196 5.3 Key Defences p.196 6. Corporate Liability p.197 6.1 Liability for Environmental Damage or Breaches of Environmental Law p.197 6.2 Environmental Taxes p.197 6.3 Incentives, Exemptions and Penalties p.198 6.4 Shareholder or Parent Company Liability p.198
10. Civil Liability p.199 10.1 Civil Claims p.199 10.2 Exemplary or Punitive Damages p.200 10.3 Class or Group Actions p.200 10.4 Landmark Cases p.200 11. Contractual Agreements p.200 11.1 Transferring or Apportioning Liability p.200 12. Contaminated Land p.200 12.1 Key Laws Governing Contaminated Land p.200 12.2 Clearing Contaminated Land p.200 12.3 Determining Liability p.201 12.4 Proceedings Against Polluters p.201 12.5 Investigating Environmental Accidents p.201 13. Climate Change and Emissions Trading p.202 13.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws p.202 13.2 Targets to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions p.202 14. Asbestos and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) p.202 14.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws Relating to Asbestos and PCBs p.202 15. Waste p.203 15.1 Key Laws and Regulatory Controls p.203 15.2 Retention of Environmental Liability p.203 15.3 Circular Economy Requirements p.203 15.4 Rights and Obligations Applicable to Waste Operators p.204 16. Environmental Disclosure and Information p.204 16.1 Disclosure and Reporting Requirements p.204 16.2 Public Environmental Information p.204 16.3 Corporate Disclosure Requirement p.205 16.4 Green Finance p.205 17. Transactions p.205 17.1 Environmental Due Diligence p.205 17.2 Disclosure of Environmental Information p.206 17.3 Key Issues in Environmental Due Diligence p.206
6.5 ESG Requirements p.198 6.6 Environmental Audits p.198 7. Personal Liability p.198 7.1 Directors and Other Officers p.198 8. Insurance p.199 8.1 Environmental Insurance p.199 9. Lender Liability p.199 9.1 Financial Institutions/Lenders p.199 9.2 Lender Protection p.199
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