ITALY
Switzerland
Slovenia
Croatia
France
Bosnia
Italy
Rome
Albania
Law and Practice Contributed by: David A Röttgen, Andrea Farì, Francesco Fonderico and Ermanno Fonderico Ambientalex Studio Legale
Contents 1. Regulatory Framework and Law p.239 1.1 Environmental Protection Policies, Principles and Laws p.239 2. Enforcement Authorities and Mechanisms p.239 2.1 Regulatory Authorities p.239 2.2 Co-Operation p.240 3. Environmental Protections p.240 3.1 Protection of Environmental Assets p.240 3.2 Breaching Protections p.240 4. Environmental Incidents and Permits p.241 4.1 Investigative and Access Powers p.241 4.2 Environmental Permits/Approvals p.241 4.3 Regulators’ Approach to Policy and Enforcement p.242 4.4 Transferring Permits/Approvals p.242 4.5 Consequences of Breaching Permits/Approvals p.242 5. Environmental Liability p.242 5.1 Key Types of Liability p.242 5.2 Liability for Historical Environmental Incidents or Damage p.243 5.3 Key Defences p.243 6. Corporate Liability p.243 6.1 Liability for Environmental Damage or Breaches of Environmental Law p.243 6.2 Environmental Taxes p.243 6.3 Incentives, Exemptions and Penalties p.244 6.4 Shareholder or Parent Company Liability p.245
10. Civil Liability p.247 10.1 Civil Claims p.247 10.2 Exemplary or Punitive Damages p.248 10.3 Class or Group Actions p.248 10.4 Landmark Cases p.248 11. Contractual Agreements p.249 11.1 Transferring or Apportioning Liability p.249 12. Contaminated Land p.250 12.1 Key Laws Governing Contaminated Land p.250 12.2 Clearing Contaminated Land p.250 12.3 Determining Liability p.250 12.4 Proceedings Against Polluters p.251 12.5 Investigating Environmental Accidents p.251 13. Climate Change and Emissions Trading p.251 13.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws p.251 13.2 Targets to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions p.252 14. Asbestos and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) p.252 14.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws Relating to Asbestos and PCBs p.252 15. Waste p.252 15.1 Key Laws and Regulatory Controls p.252 15.2 Retention of Environmental Liability p.253 15.3 Circular Economy Requirements p.253 15.4 Rights and Obligations Applicable to Waste Operators p.253 16. Environmental Disclosure and Information p.254 16.1 Disclosure and Reporting Requirements p.254 16.2 Public Environmental Information p.254 16.3 Corporate Disclosure Requirement p.255 16.4 Green Finance p.255 17. Transactions p.256 17.1 Environmental Due Diligence p.256 17.2 Disclosure of Environmental Information p.256 17.3 Key Issues in Environmental Due Diligence p.256
6.5 ESG Requirements p.245 6.6 Environmental Audits p.246 7. Personal Liability p.246 7.1 Directors and Other Officers p.246 8. Insurance p.246 8.1 Environmental Insurance p.246 9. Lender Liability p.247 9.1 Financial Institutions/Lenders p.247 9.2 Lender Protection p.247
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