SWEDEN
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Law and Practice Contributed by: Tove Andersson, Anders Linnerborg, Sara Eriksson and Ellen Lewin Setterwalls Advokatbyrå AB
Stockholm
Russia
Latvia
Denmark
Contents 1. Regulatory Framework and Law p.398 1.1 Environmental Protection Policies, Principles and Laws p.398 2. Enforcement Authorities and Mechanisms p.398 2.1 Regulatory Authorities p.398 2.2 Co-Operation p.398 3. Environmental Protections p.399 3.1 Protection of Environmental Assets p.399 3.2 Breaching Protections p.399 4. Environmental Incidents and Permits p.399 4.1 Investigative and Access Powers p.399 4.2 Environmental Permits/Approvals p.399 4.3 Regulators’ Approach to Policy and Enforcement p.400 4.4 Transferring Permits/Approvals p.400 4.5 Consequences of Breaching Permits/Approvals p.400 5. Environmental Liability p.400 5.1 Key Types of Liability p.400 5.2 Liability for Historical Environmental Incidents or Damage p.401 5.3 Key Defences p.401 6. Corporate Liability p.401 6.1 Liability for Environmental Damage or Breaches of Environmental Law p.401 6.2 Environmental Taxes p.401 6.3 Incentives, Exemptions and Penalties p.401 6.4 Shareholder or Parent Company Liability p.402
10. Civil Liability p.403 10.1 Civil Claims p.403 10.2 Exemplary or Punitive Damages p.403 10.3 Class or Group Actions p.403 10.4 Landmark Cases p.403 11. Contractual Agreements p.403 11.1 Transferring or Apportioning Liability p.403 12. Contaminated Land p.403 12.1 Key Laws Governing Contaminated Land p.403 12.2 Clearing Contaminated Land p.403 12.3 Determining Liability p.403 12.4 Proceedings Against Polluters p.404 12.5 Investigating Environmental Accidents p.404 13. Climate Change and Emissions Trading p.404 13.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws p.404 13.2 Targets to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions p.404 14. Asbestos and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) p.404 14.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws Relating to Asbestos and PCBs p.404 15. Waste p.405 15.1 Key Laws and Regulatory Controls p.405 15.2 Retention of Environmental Liability p.405 15.3 Circular Economy Requirements p.405 15.4 Rights and Obligations Applicable to Waste Operators p.405 16. Environmental Disclosure and Information p.405 16.1 Disclosure and Reporting Requirements p.405 16.2 Public Environmental Information p.406 16.3 Corporate Disclosure Requirement p.406 16.4 Green Finance p.406 17. Transactions p.406 17.1 Environmental Due Diligence p.406 17.2 Disclosure of Environmental Information p.407 17.3 Key Issues in Environmental Due Diligence p.407
6.5 ESG Requirements p.402 6.6 Environmental Audits p.402 7. Personal Liability p.402 7.1 Directors and Other Officers p.402 8. Insurance p.402 8.1 Environmental Insurance p.402 9. Lender Liability p.402 9.1 Financial Institutions/Lenders p.402 9.2 Lender Protection p.403
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