UK Law and Practice Contributed by: James Backhouse, Jonathon Backhouse, Andrew Woolfall and Mark Davies, Backhouse Jones
11.5 Emerging Technologies No content provided in this jurisdiction.
13.3 Sanctions and Trade Controls In terms of sanctions regimes and cross-border trans - port operations, Border Force identifies breaches by inspection of import and export documentation. 13.4 Customs and Transit No content provided in this jurisdiction. 13.5 Trade Policies No content provided in this jurisdiction. 13.6 Cross-Border Integration No content provided in this jurisdiction. Transport-related disputes are heard in civil courts across England and Wales. Depending on the nature, complexity and financial value of the claim, proceed - ings may be brought in either the County Court or the High Court. 14.2 Arbitration Arbitration clauses are common in concession, access Regulatory decisions or fines can be challenged in the Upper Tribunal and then in the Court of Appeal and, ultimately, the Supreme Court. 14.4 Customer Claims No content provided in this jurisdiction. 14.5 Limitation Periods Contractual claims and tort claims have a limitation period of six years from the date of breach and/or loss. Personal injury claims have a shorter limitation period of three years from the date of accident or the date of knowledge of the injury. For injury suffered whilst under the age of 18, claims must be brought within three years of the claimant’s 18th birthday – ie, by their 21st birthday. Mass tort claims are permitted within our jurisdiction, although they are not common. 14. Dispute Resolution and Enforcement 14.1 Competent Courts and Tribunals and procurement agreements. 14.3 Regulatory Appeals
12. Digitalisation, Data and Cybersecurity 12.1 Digital Platforms There is no regulation of digital freight platforms. 12.2 Data Protection Standard GDPR regulations apply to operational data. There are no specific laws or obligations other than those either submitted to contractually or under the GDPR rules. 12.3 Cybersecurity Obligations There are currently no cybersecurity requirements in the road transport sector; however, best practice is that operators have robust cybersecurity measures and systems in place. A large, well-known haulier had to cease trading due to a cyber attack as the financial hit was unsurvivable. 12.4 Smart Mobility Systems AI-driven traffic management is not regulated as far as we are aware. 12.5 Data Ownership and Sharing All operators own their own data; however, there will be occasions where contractually, the customer also owns the data. In the bus sector and occasionally the coach sector, the local authority will own all of the data, and for rail replacement services, Network Rail will own the data. 13. International and Cross-Border Operations 13.1 International Agreements CMR agreements apply with regard to international transport. 13.2 Foreign Investment Restrictions As far as we are aware, there are no restrictions on foreign investment in ground transport infrastructure.
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