International Arbitration 2026

ROMANIA Law and Practice Contributed by: Cosmin Vasile and Violeta Saranciuc Zamfirescu Racoți Vasile & Partners

Ukraine

Slovakia

Moldova

Hungary

Romania

Bucharest

Serbia

Bulgaria

Contents 1. General p.766 1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration p.766 1.2 Key Industries p.766 1.3 Arbitration Institutions p.766 1.4 National Courts p.766 2. Governing Legislation p.767 2.1 Governing Law p.767 2.2 Changes to National Law p.767 3. The Arbitration Agreement p.767 3.1 Enforceability p.767 3.2 Arbitrability p.767 3.3 National Courts’ Approach p.768 3.4 Validity p.768 4. The Arbitral Tribunal p.768 4.1 Limits on Selection p.768 4.2 Default Procedures p.768 4.3 Court Intervention p.769 4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators p.769 4.5 Arbitrator Requirements p.769 5. Jurisdiction p.770 5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction p.770 5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention p.770 5.3 Timing of Challenge p.770 5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/ Admissibility p.770 5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement p.770 5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties p.771 6. Preliminary and Interim Relief p.771

7. Procedure p.772 7.1 Governing Rules p.772 7.2 Procedural Steps p.772 7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators p.773 7.4 Legal Representatives p.773 8. Evidence p.773 8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence p.773 8.2 Rules of Evidence p.773 8.3 Powers of Compulsion p.773 9. Confidentiality p.774 9.1 Extent of Confidentiality p.774 10. The Award p.774 10.1 Legal Requirements p.774 10.2 Types of Remedies p.774 10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs p.774 11. Review of an Award p.775 11.1 Grounds for Appeal p.775 11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal p.775

11.3 Standard of Judicial Review p.775 12. Enforcement of an Award p.776 12.1 New York Convention p.776 12.2 Enforcement Procedure p.776 12.3 Approach of the Courts p.776 13. Miscellaneous p.777 13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration p.777 13.2 Ethical Codes p.777 13.3 Third-Party Funding p.777 13.4 Consolidation p.777 13.5 Binding of Third Parties p.777

6.1 Types of Relief p.771 6.2 Role of Courts p.771 6.3 Security for Costs p.772

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