Shareholders Rights and Shareholder Activism 2025

INDIA

China

Pakistan

Nepal

Delhi

Bangladesh

India

Myanmar

Law and Practice Contributed by: C R Dua, Sanjeev Kaul, Abhinav Rastogi and Ashish Malkotia Dua Associates

Sri Lanka

Contents 1. Types of Company, Share Classes and Shareholdings p.105 1.1 Types of Company p.105 1.2 Types of Company Used by Foreign Investors p.105 1.3 Types or Classes of Shares and General Shareholders’ Rights p.105 1.4 Variation of Shareholders’ Rights p.106 1.5 Minimum Share Capital Requirements p.106 1.6 Minimum Number of Shareholders p.106 1.7 Shareholders’ Agreements/Joint Venture Agreements p.106 1.8 Typical Provisions in Shareholders’ Agreements/Joint Venture Agreements p.106 2. Shareholders’ Meetings and Resolutions p.107 2.1 Types of Meeting, Notice and Calling a Meeting p.107 2.2 Notice of Shareholders’ Meetings p.107 2.3 Procedure and Criteria for Calling a General Meeting p.107 2.4 Information and Documents Relating to the Meeting p.107 2.5 Format of Meeting p.108 2.6 Quorum, Voting Requirements and Proposal of Resolutions p.108 2.7 Types of Resolutions and Thresholds p.108 2.8 Shareholder Approval p.108 2.9 Voting Requirements p.109 2.10 Shareholders’ Rights Relating to the Business of a Meeting p.109 2.11 Challenging a Resolution p.110 2.12 Institutional Shareholder Groups p.110 2.13 Holding Through a Nominee p.111 2.14 Written Resolutions p.111 3. Share Issues, Share Transfers and Disclosure of Shareholders’ Interests p.111 3.1 Share Issues p.111 3.2 Share Transfers p.111

4. Cancellation and Buybacks of Shares p.113 4.1 Cancellation p.113 4.2 Buybacks p.113 5. Dividends p.113 5.1 Payments of Dividends p.113 6. Shareholders’ Rights as Regards Directors and Auditors p.114 6.1 Rights to Appoint and Remove Directors p.114 6.2 Challenging a Decision Taken by Directors p.114 6.3 Rights to Appoint and Remove Auditors p.114 7. Corporate Governance Arrangements p.115 7.1 Duty to Report p.115 8. Controlling Company p.115 8.1 Duties of a Controlling Company p.115 9. Insolvency p.115 9.1 Rights of Shareholders If the Company Is Insolvent p.115

10. Shareholders’ Remedies p.116 10.1 Remedies Against the Company p.116 10.2 Remedies Against the Directors p.116 10.3 Derivative Actions p.116 11. Shareholder Activism p.116 11.1 Legal and Regulatory Provisions p.116 11.2 Aims of Shareholder Activism p.117 11.3 Shareholder Activist Strategies p.117 11.4 Recent Trends p.117 11.5 Most Active Shareholder Groups p.118 11.6 Proportion of Activist Demands Met p.118 11.7 Company Prevention and Response to Activist Shareholders p.118

3.3 Security Over Shares p.112 3.4 Disclosure of Interests p.112

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