EGYPT Law and Practice Contributed by: Mohamed Hashish, Heba El Abd, Farida Rezk, Omar Aboul-Ella, Mariam Rabie and Mohamed Selim, Soliman, Hashish & Partners
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1. Legal System 1.1 Legal System and Judicial Order codes, and religious law. In practice, religious law is applied only to personal status and fam - ily matters which are governed by the religious law of the individual concerned. The fundamen - tal and organic law of Egypt is its constitution, which was passed in a referendum in January 2014 and amended in April 2019. The Egyptian judiciary is highly independent, and judges are immune to dismissal, subject to no other authority but the law, and equal in rights and duties. The judicial order under the Egyptian system is At the apex of the regular judiciary system in Egypt is the Court of Cassation, which was established in 1931 and is based in Cairo. The Court of Cassation is a court of law as opposed to a trial court and guarantees the uniformity and consistency of the implementation and interpre - outlined below. Regular Courts
tation of the law. Following this are the courts of appeal which have the competence to consider rulings by the courts of first instance falling under their jurisdiction, should these rulings be subject to appeal. Next are the first instance courts, also known as primary courts, which are strategically located in various district capitals. Complement - ing these are summary courts, which are found in central locations, coastal towns, and even within certain neighbourhoods. These courts’ jurisdictions are determined based on two main factors: the monetary value involved in the legal matter and the specific geographic area over which the court has authority. State Council The State Council is an independent judicial body competent to adjudicate administrative disputes and disciplinary proceedings. Article 172 of the Constitution establishes other juris - dictions. The judicial section consists of the Supreme Administrative Court, the Administra - tive Judiciary Court, the administrative courts, the disciplinary courts, and the State Commis - sioners’ Authority, each competent to consider such submissions in accordance with the law.
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