INDIA Law and Practice Contributed by: Anupam Varma, Poonam Verma Sengupta, Sakshi Kapoor and Rajesh Jha, JSA
1.2 Principal State-Owned or Investor-Owned Entities Generation • Central government - owned : National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited, Nuclear Power Corpo- ration of India Limited, Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited. • State government - owned : Tamil Nadu Power Generation Corporation Limited, Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited, Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited, etc. Transmission • Central government - owned : Power Grid Corpora- tion of India Limited. • State government - owned : Gujarat Energy Trans- mission Corporation Limited, Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company Limited, Delhi Transco Limited, etc. Distribution (State Government-Owned) Tamil Nadu Power Distribution Corporation Limited, Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited, Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, etc. Procurement/Trading (Central Government-Owned) Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd. (for Renewable Energy), NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Limited. Finance (Central Government-Owned) Power Finance Corporation Limited, Rural Electrifica- tion Corporation Limited. Investor-Owned • Generation : Adani Power Limited, Adani Green Energy Limited, JSW Energy Limited, ReNew Power, Torrent Power Limited and Tata Power Renewable Energy Limited, etc. • Transmission : Adani Energy Solutions Limited and Sterlite Power Transmission Limited, etc. • Distribution : BSES Rajdhani Power Limited, BSES Yamuna Power Limited, Tata Power Company Limited, Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited, Torrent Power Limited, etc.
Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) and State Load Despatch Centres (SLDCs) function as independent system operators, managed by Grid Controller of India Limited (“GRID-INDIA”) (formerly, Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO)). The Central Transmission Utility (CTU) and State Transmission Utilities (STUs) operate as standalone transmission utilities. Ownership by Segment Generation of electricity has seen significant private sector participation, with private generators holding approximately more than 54% of market share. Transmission is predominantly controlled by cen- tral and state-owned entities due to the high capital investment required; however, several private players also undertake transmission activities. Distribution of power to end users is predominantly controlled by state-owned Discoms, though in some states distribution is also undertaken by private dis- tribution licensees. Power trading is typically undertaken by licensed intermediary procurers such as the Solar Energy Cor- poration of India (SECI), NTPC Limited, etc. Energy Storage The Electricity Rules were amended in December 2022 to explicitly recognise Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) as an integral part of the power system. The Ministry of Power (MoP) issued detailed guide- lines in 2022 for the procurement of energy from Bat- tery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs). As of March 2026, India had 7.2 GW of installed pumped storage projects. The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has projected a requirement of 208 GWh of battery energy storage by 2030 to enable the seamless integration of increasing renewable energy capacity.
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