Fintech 2025

UK CONTENTS

6. Marketplaces, Exchanges and Trading Platforms p.946 6.1 Permissible Trading Platforms p.946 6.2 Regulation of Different Asset Classes p.946 6.3 Impact of the Emergence of Cryptocurrency Exchanges p.947 6.4 Listing Standards p.947 6.5 Order Handling Rules p.947 6.6 Rise of Peer-to-Peer Trading Platforms p.948 6.7 Rules of Payment for Order Flow p.948 6.8 Market Integrity Principles p.948 7. High-Frequency and Algorithmic Trading p.948 7.1 Creation and Usage Regulations p.948 7.2 Requirement to Be Licensed or Otherwise Register as Market Makers When Functioning in a Principal Capacity p.948 7.3 Regulatory Distinction Between Funds and Dealers p.949 7.4 Regulation of Programmers and Programming p.949 8. Insurtech p.949 8.1 Underwriting Processes p.949 8.2 Treatment of Different Types of Insurance p.949 9. Regtech p.949 9.1 Regulation of Regtech Providers p.949 9.2 Contractual Terms to Assure Performance and Accuracy p.949 10. Blockchain p.950 10.1 Use of Blockchain in the Financial Services Industry p.950 10.2 Local Regulators’ Approach to Blockchain p.950 10.3 Classification of Blockchain Assets p.950

10.4 Regulation of “Issuers” of Blockchain Assets p.951 10.5 Regulation of Blockchain Asset Trading Platforms p.951 10.6 Staking p.951

10.7 Crypto-Related Lending p.952 10.8 Cryptocurrency Derivatives p.952 10.9 Decentralised Finance (DeFi) p.952 10.10 Regulation of Funds p.952 10.11 Virtual Currencies p.952 10.12 Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) p.953 11. Open Banking p.953 11.1 Regulation of Open Banking p.953 11.2 Concerns Raised by Open Banking p.953 12. Fraud p.953 12.1 Elements of Fraud p.953

12.2 Areas of Regulatory Focus p.954 12.3 Responsibility for Losses p.954

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