JAPAN CONTENTS
5. Sanctions and Remedies in Criminal Cartel Enforcement p.190 5.1 Imposition of Sanctions/Fines p.190 5.2 Plea Bargaining/Settlement p.191 5.3 Effect of Liability Being Established p.191 5.4 Sanctions and Penalties in Criminal Proceedings p.191 5.5 History of Criminal Sanctions p.192 5.6 Relevance of Effective Compliance Programmes p.193 5.7 Mandatory Consumer Redress p.193 5.8 Judicial Review or Appeal p.193 5.9 Timeline of Cartel Enforcement Process p.194 6. Civil Litigation p.194 6.1 Private Rights of Action p.194 6.2 Collective Action p.194 6.3 Indirect Purchasers and “Passing On” Defences p.194 6.4 Evidence Obtained From Governmental Investigations/Proceedings p.194 6.5 Frequency of Completion of Litigation p.194 6.6 Attorneys’ Fees p.195 6.7 Costs/Fees p.195 6.8 Judicial Review or Appeal p.195 7. Trends in Cartel Enforcement p.195 7.1 Information Sharing as a Cartel Offence p.195 7.2 Use of AI and Algorithms p.195
7.3 Monopolisation as a Cartel Offence p.196 7.4 Focus on Certain Industries/Sectors p.196
7.5 Use of Messaging Applications and Chat Platforms p.196 7.6 “No Poach” and Labour Market Allocation Conduct p.196 7.7 Leniency v Ex Officio Investigations p.196 7.8 Domestic v International Investigations p.196 7.9 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Cartels p.196 7.10 Crisis Cartels p.197
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