GREECE Trends and Developments Contributed by: Ioanna Alexandropoulou, Konstantinos Plastiras, Filippos Lamnidis and Sergios Lamnidis, Lamnidis Law
damental questions about the nature and suffi - ciency of legal authentication in an increasingly digital context. The EU AI Act and the path forward for Greece The European Union is moving swiftly with the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), which was politically agreed upon in December 2023 and formally adopted in early 2024. However, its full implementation is phased. As of early 2025, the AI Act has been published in the Official Jour - nal but has not yet entered into full force. The majority of its provisions will become applicable in mid-2026, with certain transparency obliga - tions and prohibitions applying earlier. The AI Act introduces a risk-based framework, classifying AI systems into prohibited, high-risk, limited-risk and minimal-risk categories. Legal tech tools used in real estate, especially those that provide legal recommendations or support contractual automation, are expected to fall under the high-risk category, subject to strict conformity assessments, human oversight and transparency requirements. Greece, as an EU member state, must transpose and imple - ment the AI Act’s provisions within the speci - fied timeline. While preliminary discussions have occurred in Greek legal and tech circles, no ded - icated domestic legislation has yet been enacted to operationalise the AI Act’s requirements. Furthermore, existing legal instruments such as the GDPR, the eIDAS Regulation on electronic identification and the EU Land Use Directives intersect with AI tools used in real estate. Nev - ertheless, there is no consolidated Greek legal framework specifically addressing the use of AI in real estate transactions. This fragmented approach may inhibit adoption or create com - pliance uncertainties for developers and prac - titioners.
AI-driven tools, while powerful, are not immune to bias. Training data sets drawn from historical mar - ket data may reproduce existing inequalities or undervalue properties in historically marginalised areas. Moreover, algorithmic opacity (the “black box” problem) challenges the right of parties to understand and contest AI-generated outputs. Ethical, social and professional implications The socio-economic impact is also notable. If AI accelerates transactions and increases market liquidity, it may inadvertently contribute to gen - trification and reduce access to affordable hous - ing. Greek policymakers must therefore consider not only technical and legal safeguards but also broader equity concerns. Finally, the legal profession itself is at a cross - roads. Lawyers, notaries and public officials must either evolve into AI-literate professionals or risk obsolescence. Legal education in Greece should integrate interdisciplinary training on AI and real estate law, preparing the next genera - tion of jurists to operate effectively in a digital- first environment. Conclusion: regulation as a catalyst for innovation The application of AI in Greek real estate trans - actions offers transformative potential but requires careful legal stewardship. The absence of AI-specific regulation, the rigidity of traditional legal functions and the ethical complexities of automation present a formidable but surmount - able challenge. Greece has an opportunity to lead in this space by developing a coherent regulatory framework that fosters innovation while safeguarding legal certainty, privacy and fairness. As AI continues to evolve, so too must the legal infrastructure that underpins one of the country’s most vital economic sectors.
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