DENMARK
Sweden
Denmark
Copenhagen
Law and Practice Contributed by: Flemming Elbæk, Helle Ina Elmer, Mads Lund and August Reinhold HaugaardBraad
Germany
Contents 1. Regulatory Framework and Law p.145 1.1 Environmental Protection Policies, Principles and Laws p.145 2. Enforcement Authorities and Mechanisms p.146 2.1 Regulatory Authorities p.146 2.2 Co-Operation p.146 3. Environmental Protections p.147 3.1 Protection of Environmental Assets p.147 3.2 Breaching Protections p.148 4. Environmental Incidents and Permits p.148 4.1 Investigative and Access Powers p.148 4.2 Environmental Permits/Approvals p.148 4.3 Regulators’ Approach to Policy and Enforcement p.149 4.4 Transferring Permits/Approvals p.149 4.5 Consequences of Breaching Permits/Approvals p.149 5. Environmental Liability p.149 5.1 Key Types of Liability p.149 5.2 Liability for Historical Environmental Incidents or Damage p.149 5.3 Key Defences p.149 6. Corporate Liability p.150 6.1 Liability for Environmental Damage or Breaches of Environmental Law p.150 6.2 Environmental Taxes p.150 6.3 Incentives, Exemptions and Penalties p.151 6.4 Shareholder or Parent Company Liability p.151
10. Civil Liability p.152 10.1 Civil Claims p.152 10.2 Exemplary or Punitive Damages p.152 10.3 Class or Group Actions p.152 10.4 Landmark Cases p.152 11. Contractual Agreements p.153 11.1 Transferring or Apportioning Liability p.153 12. Contaminated Land p.153 12.1 Key Laws Governing Contaminated Land p.153 12.2 Clearing Contaminated Land p.153 12.3 Determining Liability p.154 12.4 Proceedings Against Polluters p.154 12.5 Investigating Environmental Accidents p.154 13. Climate Change and Emissions Trading p.154 13.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws p.154 13.2 Targets to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions p.154 14. Asbestos and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) p.154 14.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws Relating to Asbestos and PCBs p.154 15. Waste p.155 15.1 Key Laws and Regulatory Controls p.155 15.2 Retention of Environmental Liability p.155 15.3 Circular Economy Requirements p.155 15.4 Rights and Obligations Applicable to Waste Operators p.155 16. Environmental Disclosure and Information p.156 16.1 Disclosure and Reporting Requirements p.156 16.2 Public Environmental Information p.156 16.3 Corporate Disclosure Requirement p.156 16.4 Green Finance p.156 17. Transactions p.157 17.1 Environmental Due Diligence p.157 17.2 Disclosure of Environmental Information p.157 17.3 Key Issues in Environmental Due Diligence p.157
6.5 ESG Requirements p.151 6.6 Environmental Audits p.151 7. Personal Liability p.151 7.1 Directors and Other Officers p.151 8. Insurance p.152 8.1 Environmental Insurance p.152 9. Lender Liability p.152 9.1 Financial Institutions/Lenders p.152 9.2 Lender Protection p.152
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