NORWAY
Norway
Sweden Finland
Law and Practice Contributed by: Elise Johansen, Tonje Hagen Geiran and Lene Marita Berg Hermann Wikborg Rein Advokatfirma AS
Oslo
Russia
Denmark
Contents 1. Regulatory Framework and Law p.337 1.1 Environmental Protection Policies, Principles and Laws p.337 2. Enforcement Authorities and Mechanisms p.338 2.1 Regulatory Authorities p.338 2.2 Co-Operation p.338 3. Environmental Protections p.338 3.1 Protection of Environmental Assets p.338 3.2 Breaching Protections p.339 4. Environmental Incidents and Permits p.339 4.1 Investigative and Access Powers p.339 4.2 Environmental Permits/Approvals p.339 4.3 Regulators’ Approach to Policy and Enforcement p.339 4.4 Transferring Permits/Approvals p.340 4.5 Consequences of Breaching Permits/Approvals p.340 5. Environmental Liability p.340 5.1 Key Types of Liability p.340 5.2 Liability for Historical Environmental Incidents or Damage p.341 5.3 Key Defences p.341 6. Corporate Liability p.341 6.1 Liability for Environmental Damage or Breaches of Environmental Law p.341 6.2 Environmental Taxes p.342 6.3 Incentives, Exemptions and Penalties p.342 6.4 Shareholder or Parent Company Liability p.342
10. Civil Liability p.345 10.1 Civil Claims p.345 10.2 Exemplary or Punitive Damages p.345 10.3 Class or Group Actions p.345 10.4 Landmark Cases p.345 11. Contractual Agreements p.345 11.1 Transferring or Apportioning Liability p.345 12. Contaminated Land p.346 12.1 Key Laws Governing Contaminated Land p.346 12.2 Clearing Contaminated Land p.346 12.3 Determining Liability p.347 12.4 Proceedings Against Polluters p.347 12.5 Investigating Environmental Accidents p.347 13. Climate Change and Emissions Trading p.347 13.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws p.347 13.2 Targets to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions p.348 14. Asbestos and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) p.348 14.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws Relating to Asbestos and PCBs p.348 15. Waste p.348 15.1 Key Laws and Regulatory Controls p.348 15.2 Retention of Environmental Liability p.349 15.3 Circular Economy Requirements p.349 15.4 Rights and Obligations Applicable to Waste Operators p.349 16. Environmental Disclosure and Information p.349 16.1 Disclosure and Reporting Requirements p.349 16.2 Public Environmental Information p.349 16.3 Corporate Disclosure Requirement p.350 16.4 Green Finance p.350 17. Transactions p.350 17.1 Environmental Due Diligence p.350 17.2 Disclosure of Environmental Information p.350 17.3 Key Issues in Environmental Due Diligence p.350
6.5 ESG Requirements p.343 6.6 Environmental Audits p.343 7. Personal Liability p.343 7.1 Directors and Other Officers p.343 8. Insurance p.344 8.1 Environmental Insurance p.344 9. Lender Liability p.344 9.1 Financial Institutions/Lenders p.344 9.2 Lender Protection p.344
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