SERBIA Trends and Developments Contributed by: Stevan Pajović, Tamara Simić Pajović, Medo Zornić and Jelena Stoljiljković, T-S Legal
T-S Legal Resavska 31 11000 Belgrade Serbia
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Can Artificial Intelligence Be the Author of a Film Work? Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) has experienced significant developments in the past decade, thanks to the mas- sive amount of available data, improved computer performance, and the development of new architec- ture based on deep learning. In contrast to a classic computer program, which serves as a simple tool in the hands of a person and older artificial intelligence systems based on behaviour prediction, new forms of AI based on the principles of deep learning and artificial neural networks are capable of autonomously generating completely new content (hence the term “generative AI”). These developments are not merely incremental improvements in computing power but represent a fundamental shift in how machines interact with infor- mation. Instead of following rigid, pre-programmed instructions, modern systems learn patterns from vast datasets and then apply those learned patterns in ways that can appear creative, adaptive, and even unpredictable to human observers. This shift has raised both enthusiasm and concern across legal, economic, and cultural domains. The consequences of the so-called “fourth revolu- tion” are being felt across society, whether through excitement about the new possibilities of applying AI or concern about the potential job losses. AI takes many forms and serves different purposes, while also having the potential to replace human labour in any industry. The creative industry has proven itself to be particularly fertile ground for the “proliferation” of vari-
ous forms of AI. AI composes music, writes songs, novels, newspaper articles, creates pictures and pho- tographs, and recently began to “film” movies! This transformation is especially visible in media pro- duction workflows, where AI tools are now used not only for the automation of repetitive tasks but also for creative functions, such as ideation, drafting, and even stylistic imitation. The speed and scale at which content can be generated have increased dramati- cally, allowing a single user to produce what once required entire teams of professionals. This raises fundamental questions about value creation and the meaning of creativity itself in the digital age. Currently, the most famous AI model for creating audiovisual works is Sora. Developed by the com- pany Open AI, this model generates short video clips based on user prompts (text-to-video model). Sev- eral other models for generating audiovisual content from prompts were developed before Sora, including Make-A-Video by Meta and Google’s Lumiere. The capacity of AI to be a good screenwriter was dem- onstrated by the 2016 Sci-Fi film “Sunspring”, which made it to the top ten entries at the annual Sci-Fi Film Festival in London. The complete script was written by Benjamin, an AI system based on an artificial neural network trained on the scripts of sci-fi movies from the 1980s and 90s. The emergence of such systems illustrates the rapid convergence between linguistic models and visual generation systems. What once required separate specialised tools for text, image, and video is now increasingly integrated into unified models capable
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