Litigation 2026

TÜRKIYE

Russia

Black Sea

Bulgaria

Georgia

Ankara

Türkiye

Law and Practice Contributed by: Faruk Aktay, Ayşe Müge Aktay and İrina Gül Coşkun Aktay Law Firm

Syria

Iraq

Cyprus

Contents 1. General p.1148 1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System p.1148 1.2 Court System p.1148

6. Injunctive Relief p.1155 6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief p.1155

6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief p.1155 6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis p.1155 6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant p.1155 6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief p.1156 6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief p.1156 6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-Compliance p.1156 7. Trials and Hearings p.1156 7.1 Trial Proceedings p.1156 7.2 Case Management Hearings p.1156 7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases p.1157 7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence p.1157 7.5 Expert Testimony p.1157 7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public p.1157 7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge p.1157 7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings p.1158 8. Settlement p.1158 8.1 Court Approval p.1158 8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality p.1158 8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements p.1158 8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements p.1158 9. Damages and Judgment p.1159 9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant p.1159 9.2 Rules Regarding Damages p.1159 9.3 Pre-Judgment and Post-Judgment Interest p.1159 9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment p.1159 9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country p.1160 10. Appeal p.1160 10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation p.1160 10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments p.1160 10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal p.1160 10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal p.1161 10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal p.1161 10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing p.1161

1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings p.1148 1.4 Legal Representation in Court p.1148 2. Litigation Funding p.1149

2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding p.1149 2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits p.1149 2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant p.1149 2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding p.1149 2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding p.1149 2.6 Contingency Fees p.1149 2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding p.1150 3. Initiating a Lawsuit p.1150 3.1 Rules on Pre-Action Conduct p.1150 3.2 Statutes of Limitations p.1150 3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant p.1150

3.4 Initial Complaint p.1151 3.5 Rules of Service p.1151 3.6 Failure to Respond p.1151

3.7 Representative or Collective Actions p.1151 3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate p.1151 4. Pre-Trial Proceedings p.1152 4.1 Interim Applications/Motions p.1152 4.2 Early Judgment Applications p.1152 4.3 Dispositive Motions p.1152 4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit p.1152 4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs p.1153 4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions p.1153 4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe p.1153 5. Discovery p.1153 5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases p.1153 5.2 Discovery and Third Parties p.1154 5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction p.1154 5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms p.1154 5.5 Legal Privilege p.1154 5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document p.1155

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