TÜRKIYE Law and Practice Contributed by: Faruk Aktay, Ayşe Müge Aktay and İrina Gül Coşkun, Aktay Law Firm
a complaint or by filing an action to prevent or reverse enforcement. If payment is not made, the enforcement office may seize movable and immovable property, bank accounts, receivables, and wages, and proceed to sale where necessary. If the debtor fails to comply with the enforcement steps, coercive measures under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law may apply. The judgment remains enforceable until the creditor is fully satisfied. 9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country A foreign judgment may be enforced in Türkiye only after an enforcement decision is obtained under Arti- cles 50–59 of the Private International Law and Pro- cedural Law Act No 5718. The party seeking enforce- ment must file a petition before the competent civil court of first instance and submit the authenticated foreign judgment, proof of its finality, and certified translations. The court examines whether the statutory conditions for enforcement are met, including reciprocity, com- pliance with due process, the absence of exclusive Turkish jurisdiction, and whether enforcement would violate Turkish public order. If these requirements are satisfied, the court grants an enforcement order, and the foreign judgment becomes enforceable in Türkiye in the same manner as a domestic judgment. Enforce- ment proceedings may then be initiated before the enforcement offices.
ited circumstances, a party may request correction of judgment within 15 days of the Court of Cassation’s decision. After ordinary legal remedies are exhausted, a party claiming a violation of constitutional rights may file an individual application to the Constitutional Court within 30 days of the final decision. Once all domestic remedies are exhausted, an application may be made to the European Court of Human Rights, subject to the four-month time limit. 10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments A first-instance judgment may be appealed once the reasoned decision has been served on the parties. An appeal to the Regional Court of Appeal must be filed within two weeks of notification, and the Regional Court of Appeal conducts both a factual and legal review. Decisions of the Regional Court of Appeal may be further challenged before the Court of Cassation, which examines only whether the law has been cor- rectly applied. As of 2026, cassation review in civil and commercial matters is available only where the monetary value of the dispute exceeds the statutory threshold (approximately TRY682,000) and the appel- lant alleges a legal error. Appeals may be lodged by the parties or their author- ised representatives. Failure to submit an appeal within the statutory period, in the absence of a legally recognised excuse, will result in the loss of the right to appeal. 10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal An appeal must be filed within two weeks from noti- fication of the reasoned first-instance judgment. The appellant submits an appeal petition to the first- instance court identifying the alleged legal errors and paying the required fees; the court then transmits the file to the Regional Court of Appeal. If the Regional Court of Appeal issues a decision that meets the 2026 cassation threshold, the parties may file a further appeal to the Court of Cassation within two weeks of notification. Missing these deadlines,
10. Appeal 10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation
Turkish law provides a multi-tier appeal structure. First-instance judgments may be appealed to the Regional Court of Appeal, which conducts both fac- tual and legal review. The appeal must be filed within two weeks of notification of the reasoned judgment. Decisions of the Regional Court of Appeal may then be challenged before the Court of Cassation, which examines only whether the law has been correctly applied. A cassation appeal must also be filed within two weeks from notification of the decision. In lim-
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