i Table of contents 601

Patent Litigation 2025

Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers

INTRODUCTION		6
Contributed by Andreas von Falck, Hogan Lovells International LLP		6
AUSTRALIA		21
Trends and Developments		21
Contributed by Maddocks		21
BELGIUM		28
Law and Practice		28
Contributed by Osborne Clarke LLP		28
BRAZIL		50
Law and Practice		50
Contributed by Kasznar Leonardos Intellectual Property		50
Trends and Developments		71
Contributed by Kasznar Leonardos Intellectual Property		71
CANADA		79
Law and Practice		79
Contributed by Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP		79
CHINA		99
Law and Practice		99
Contributed by Fangda Partners		99
Trends and Developments		119
Contributed by Wanhuida Intellectual Property		119
FINLAND		128
Law and Practice		128
Contributed by Roschier		128
Trends and Developments		138
Contributed by Roschier		138
FRANCE		145
Law and Practice		145
Contributed by Gowling WLG		145
Trends and Developments		173
Contributed by Schertenleib Avocats		173
GERMANY		183
Law and Practice		183
Contributed by Boehmert & Boehmert		183
HUNGARY		199
Law and Practice		199
Contributed by Danubia Patent & Law Office		199
INDIA		221
Law and Practice		221
Contributed by Saikrishna & Associates		221
Trends and Developments		244
Contributed by Saikrishna & Associates		244
ISRAEL		252
Law and Practice		252
Contributed by Reinhold Cohn Group		252
ITALY		278
Law and Practice		278
Contributed by EY Tax & Law		278
Trends and Developments		298
Contributed by EY Tax & Law		298
JAPAN		303
Law and Practice		303
Contributed by TMI Associates		303
Trends and Developments		323
Contributed by Chuo Sogo LPC		323
MACAU SAR		334
Law and Practice		334
Contributed by Riquito Advogados		334
NETHERLANDS		350
Law and Practice		350
Contributed by Freshfields		350
Trends and Developments		373
Contributed by Freshfields		373
PHILIPPINES		379
Law and Practice		379
Contributed by Cruz Marcelo & Tenefrancia		379
Trends and Developments		401
Contributed by Cruz Marcelo & Tenefrancia		401
PORTUGAL		408
Trends and Developments		408
Contributed by Abreu Advogados		408
ROMANIA		414
Law and Practice		414
Contributed by Cabinet M. Oproiu in association with The Office Litigation & Enforcement		414
SOUTH AFRICA		427
Law and Practice		427
Contributed by KISCH IP		427
Trends and Developments		448
Contributed by KISCH IP		448
SWEDEN		454
Law and Practice		454
Contributed by Advokatfirman Vinge KB		454
SWITZERLAND		476
Law and Practice		476
Contributed by Pestalozzi		476
Trends and Developments		499
Contributed by MLL Legal		499
UK		506
Law and Practice		506
Contributed by Kirkland & Ellis		506
Trends and Developments		528
Contributed by Kirkland & Ellis		528
UKRAINE		536
Law and Practice		536
Contributed by Mamunya IP		536
Trends and Developments		560
Contributed by Mamunya IP		560
USA		567
Law and Practice		567
Contributed by Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Manbeck PC		567
Trends and Developments		588
Contributed by Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Manbeck PC		588
USA - TEXAS		595
Trends and Developments		595
Contributed by Spencer Fane LLP		595
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		31
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		31
1.2 Grant Procedure		31
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		32
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		33
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		33
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		34
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		34
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		34
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		34
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		35
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		35
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		35
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		36
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		37
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		37
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		37
2.6 Legal Representation		37
2.7 Interim Injunctions		37
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		38
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		38
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		39
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		39
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		39
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		40
3. Infringement		40
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		40
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		41
3.3 Process Patents		41
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		42
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		42
3.6 Role of Experts		43
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		43
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		43
4. Revocation/Cancellation		43
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		43
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		44
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		44
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		44
5. Trial and Settlement		44
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		44
5.2 Decision-Makers		45
5.3 Settling the Case		45
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		45
6. Remedies		45
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		45
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		46
6.3 Types of Remedies		46
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		46
7. Appeal		47
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		47
7.2 Type of Review		47
8. Costs		47
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		47
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		47
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		47
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		47
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		47
10. Assignment and Licensing		48
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		48
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		48
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		48
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		49
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		54
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		54
1.2 Grant Procedure		55
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		55
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		55
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		56
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		56
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		56
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		57
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		57
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		57
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		58
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		58
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		58
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		59
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		60
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		60
2.6 Legal Representation		60
2.7 Interim Injunctions		60
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		61
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		61
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		61
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		61
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		62
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		62
3. Infringement		62
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		62
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		63
3.3 Process Patents		63
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		63
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		63
3.6 Role of Experts		63
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		64
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		64
4. Revocation/Cancellation		64
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		64
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		64
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		64
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		65
5. Trial and Settlement		65
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		65
5.2 Decision-Makers		65
5.3 Settling the Case		66
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		66
6. Remedies		66
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		66
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		66
6.3 Types of Remedies		66
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		66
7. Appeal		67
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		67
7.2 Type of Review		67
8. Costs		67
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		67
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		67
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		67
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		68
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		68
10. Assignment and Licensing		68
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		68
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		69
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		69
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		70
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		83
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		83
1.2 Grant Procedure		83
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		83
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		84
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		85
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		85
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		85
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		86
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		86
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		86
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		87
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		87
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		87
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		88
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		88
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		88
2.6 Legal Representation		88
2.7 Interim Injunctions		89
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		89
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		89
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		89
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		90
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		90
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		90
3. Infringement		91
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		91
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		91
3.3 Process Patents		91
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		91
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		92
3.6 Role of Experts		92
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		92
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		92
4. Revocation/Cancellation		92
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		92
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		93
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		93
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		93
5. Trial and Settlement		93
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		93
5.2 Decision-Makers		94
5.3 Settling the Case		94
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		95
6. Remedies		95
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		95
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		96
6.3 Types of Remedies		96
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		96
7. Appeal		96
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		96
7.2 Type of Review		96
8. Costs		97
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		97
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		97
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		97
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		97
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		97
10. Assignment and Licensing		98
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		98
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		98
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		98
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		98
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		103
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		103
1.2 Grant Procedure		103
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		103
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		104
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		104
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		104
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		105
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		105
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		105
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		106
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		106
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		106
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		106
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		107
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		108
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		108
2.6 Legal Representation		108
2.7 Interim Injunctions		108
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		109
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		109
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		109
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		110
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		110
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		111
3. Infringement		111
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		111
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		111
3.3 Process Patents		112
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		112
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		112
3.6 Role of Experts		113
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		113
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		113
4. Revocation/Cancellation		113
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		113
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		114
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		114
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		114
5. Trial and Settlement		114
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		114
5.2 Decision-Makers		115
5.3 Settling the Case		115
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		115
6. Remedies		116
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		116
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		116
6.3 Types of Remedies		116
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		116
7. Appeal		117
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		117
7.2 Type of Review		117
8. Costs		117
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		117
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		117
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		117
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		117
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		117
10. Assignment and Licensing		118
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		118
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		118
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		118
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		118
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		132
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		132
1.2 Grant Procedure		132
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		132
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		132
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		132
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		132
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		132
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		132
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		132
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		133
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		133
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		133
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		133
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		133
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		133
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		133
2.6 Legal Representation		134
2.7 Interim Injunctions		134
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		134
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		134
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		134
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		134
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		134
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		134
3. Infringement		134
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		134
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		134
3.3 Process Patents		135
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		135
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		135
3.6 Role of Experts		135
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		135
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		135
4. Revocation/Cancellation		135
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		135
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		135
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		135
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		135
5. Trial and Settlement		135
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		135
5.2 Decision-Makers		136
5.3 Settling the Case		136
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		136
6. Remedies		136
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		136
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		136
6.3 Types of Remedies		136
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		136
7. Appeal		137
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		137
7.2 Type of Review		137
8. Costs		137
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		137
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		137
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		137
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		137
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		137
10. Assignment and Licensing		137
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		137
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		137
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		137
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		137
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		148
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		148
1.2 Grant Procedure		148
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		149
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		150
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		150
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		150
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		151
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		151
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		151
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		151
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		152
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		152
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		153
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		153
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		154
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		154
2.6 Legal Representation		154
2.7 Interim Injunctions		155
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		156
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		157
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		157
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		158
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		159
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		159
3. Infringement		159
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		159
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		160
3.3 Process Patents		160
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		161
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		161
3.6 Role of Experts		162
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		163
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		163
4. Revocation/Cancellation		163
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		163
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		164
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		164
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		164
5. Trial and Settlement		164
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		164
5.2 Decision-Makers		165
5.3 Settling the Case		165
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		166
6. Remedies		166
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		166
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		168
6.3 Types of Remedies		168
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		168
7. Appeal		169
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		169
7.2 Type of Review		169
8. Costs		170
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		170
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		170
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		170
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		171
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		171
10. Assignment and Licensing		171
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		171
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		171
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		172
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		172
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		187
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		187
1.2 Grant Procedure		187
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		187
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		187
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		187
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		187
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		187
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		188
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		188
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		188
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		188
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		188
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		189
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		190
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		190
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		190
2.6 Legal Representation		190
2.7 Interim Injunctions		191
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		191
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		191
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		191
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		191
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		192
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		192
3. Infringement		192
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		192
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		192
3.3 Process Patents		193
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		193
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		193
3.6 Role of Experts		193
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		194
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		194
4. Revocation/Cancellation		194
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		194
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		194
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		195
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		195
5. Trial and Settlement		195
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		195
5.2 Decision-Makers		195
5.3 Settling the Case		195
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		195
6. Remedies		196
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		196
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		196
6.3 Types of Remedies		196
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		196
7. Appeal		196
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		196
7.2 Type of Review		196
8. Costs		196
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		196
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		196
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		197
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		197
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		197
10. Assignment and Licensing		197
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		197
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		197
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		198
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		198
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		203
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		203
1.2 Grant Procedure		203
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		203
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		203
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		203
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		204
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		204
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		204
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		204
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		205
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		205
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		205
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		205
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		206
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		206
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		206
2.6 Legal Representation		207
2.7 Interim Injunctions		207
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		208
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		208
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		208
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		209
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		209
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		209
3. Infringement		209
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		209
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		210
3.3 Process Patents		210
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		210
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		211
3.6 Role of Experts		212
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		212
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		212
4. Revocation/Cancellation		213
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		213
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		213
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		213
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		213
5. Trial and Settlement		214
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		214
5.2 Decision-Makers		215
5.3 Settling the Case		215
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		216
6. Remedies		216
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		216
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		217
6.3 Types of Remedies		217
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		217
7. Appeal		217
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		217
7.2 Type of Review		217
8. Costs		218
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		218
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		218
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		218
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		219
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		219
10. Assignment and Licensing		219
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		219
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		219
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		219
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		220
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		225
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		225
1.2 Grant Procedure		225
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		226
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		226
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		226
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		227
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		227
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		228
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		228
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		228
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		229
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		229
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		229
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		230
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		230
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		230
2.6 Legal Representation		230
2.7 Interim Injunctions		230
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		231
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		232
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		232
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		232
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		233
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		233
3. Infringement		233
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		233
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		233
3.3 Process Patents		233
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		234
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		234
3.6 Role of Experts		235
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		236
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		236
4. Revocation/Cancellation		236
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		236
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		236
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		237
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		237
5. Trial and Settlement		237
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		237
5.2 Decision-Makers		238
5.3 Settling the Case		238
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		238
6. Remedies		238
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		238
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		239
6.3 Types of Remedies		239
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		239
7. Appeal		239
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		239
7.2 Type of Review		239
8. Costs		240
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		240
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		240
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		240
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		240
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		240
10. Assignment and Licensing		241
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		241
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		241
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		242
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		242
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		255
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		255
1.2 Grant Procedure		255
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		256
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		257
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		257
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		258
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		258
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		259
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		259
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		260
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		260
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		260
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		260
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		260
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		261
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		261
2.6 Legal Representation		262
2.7 Interim Injunctions		262
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		264
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		264
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		265
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		265
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		266
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		266
3. Infringement		268
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		268
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		268
3.3 Process Patents		268
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		269
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		270
3.6 Role of Experts		270
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		271
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		271
4. Revocation/Cancellation		271
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		271
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		271
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		272
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		272
5. Trial and Settlement		272
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		272
5.2 Decision-Makers		272
5.3 Settling the Case		272
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		272
6. Remedies		273
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		273
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		273
6.3 Types of Remedies		274
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		274
7. Appeal		274
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		274
7.2 Type of Review		274
8. Costs		275
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		275
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		275
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		275
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		275
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		275
10. Assignment and Licensing		275
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		275
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		276
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		277
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		277
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		282
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		282
1.2 Grant Procedure		282
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		283
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		283
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		284
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		284
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		284
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		285
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		285
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		285
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		285
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		285
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		286
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		286
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		287
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		287
2.6 Legal Representation		288
2.7 Interim Injunctions		288
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		288
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		288
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		289
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		290
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		290
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		290
3. Infringement		291
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		291
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		291
3.3 Process Patents		291
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		291
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		292
3.6 Role of Experts		292
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		292
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		292
4. Revocation/Cancellation		293
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		293
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		293
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		293
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		293
5. Trial and Settlement		293
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		293
5.2 Decision-Makers		294
5.3 Settling the Case		294
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		294
6. Remedies		295
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		295
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		295
6.3 Types of Remedies		295
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		295
7. Appeal		296
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		296
7.2 Type of Review		296
8. Costs		296
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		296
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		296
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		296
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		297
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		297
10. Assignment and Licensing		297
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		297
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		297
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		297
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		297
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		307
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		307
1.2 Grant Procedure		307
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		307
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		308
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		308
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		308
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		308
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		309
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		309
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		309
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		310
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		310
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		310
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		310
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		310
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		310
2.6 Legal Representation		311
2.7 Interim Injunctions		311
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		311
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		311
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		311
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		312
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		312
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		313
3. Infringement		313
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		313
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		313
3.3 Process Patents		314
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		314
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		315
3.6 Role of Experts		315
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		316
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		316
4. Revocation/Cancellation		316
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		316
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		317
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		317
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		318
5. Trial and Settlement		318
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		318
5.2 Decision-Makers		318
5.3 Settling the Case		319
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		319
6. Remedies		319
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		319
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		320
6.3 Types of Remedies		320
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		320
7. Appeal		321
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		321
7.2 Type of Review		321
8. Costs		321
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		321
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		321
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		321
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		322
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		322
10. Assignment and Licensing		322
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		322
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		322
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		322
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		322
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		337
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		337
1.2 Grant Procedure		337
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		338
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		338
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		339
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		339
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		339
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		339
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		340
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		340
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		340
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		340
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		341
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		341
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		341
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		341
2.6 Legal Representation		341
2.7 Interim Injunctions		341
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		341
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		342
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		342
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		342
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		342
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		343
3. Infringement		343
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		343
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		343
3.3 Process Patents		343
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		343
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		344
3.6 Role of Experts		344
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		344
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		344
4. Revocation/Cancellation		344
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		344
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		345
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		345
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		345
5. Trial and Settlement		346
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		346
5.2 Decision-Makers		346
5.3 Settling the Case		346
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		346
6. Remedies		346
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		346
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		346
6.3 Types of Remedies		347
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		347
7. Appeal		347
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		347
7.2 Type of Review		347
8. Costs		347
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		347
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		347
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		348
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		348
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		348
10. Assignment and Licensing		348
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		348
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		348
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		348
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		349
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		354
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		354
1.2 Grant Procedure		354
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		355
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		355
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		356
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		356
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		357
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		357
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		357
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		357
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		358
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		358
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		358
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		359
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		360
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		360
2.6 Legal Representation		360
2.7 Interim Injunctions		360
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		361
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		361
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		361
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		362
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		362
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		362
3. Infringement		362
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		362
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		363
3.3 Process Patents		363
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		364
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		365
3.6 Role of Experts		365
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		366
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		366
4. Revocation/Cancellation		366
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		366
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		366
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		366
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		366
5. Trial and Settlement		367
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		367
5.2 Decision-Makers		368
5.3 Settling the Case		368
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		368
6. Remedies		368
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		368
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		369
6.3 Types of Remedies		369
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		369
7. Appeal		370
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		370
7.2 Type of Review		370
8. Costs		370
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		370
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		370
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		370
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		371
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		371
10. Assignment and Licensing		371
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		371
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		371
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		371
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		372
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		383
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		383
1.2 Grant Procedure		383
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		384
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		385
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		385
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		385
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		386
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		386
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		386
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		387
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		387
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		387
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		387
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		388
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		389
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		389
2.6 Legal Representation		389
2.7 Interim Injunctions		389
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		390
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		390
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		390
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		391
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		391
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		392
3. Infringement		392
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		392
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		392
3.3 Process Patents		392
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		393
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		393
3.6 Role of Experts		393
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		394
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		394
4. Revocation/Cancellation		394
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		394
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		394
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		395
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		395
5. Trial and Settlement		395
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		395
5.2 Decision-Makers		396
5.3 Settling the Case		396
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		396
6. Remedies		396
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		396
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		397
6.3 Types of Remedies		397
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		397
7. Appeal		397
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		397
7.2 Type of Review		398
8. Costs		398
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		398
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		398
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		398
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		398
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		398
10. Assignment and Licensing		399
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		399
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		399
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		399
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		400
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		417
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		417
1.2 Grant Procedure		417
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		417
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		418
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		418
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		418
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		418
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		418
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		418
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		418
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		418
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		418
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		419
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		419
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		419
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		419
2.6 Legal Representation		420
2.7 Interim Injunctions		420
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		420
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		420
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		420
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		420
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		421
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		421
3. Infringement		421
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		421
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		421
3.3 Process Patents		421
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		422
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		422
3.6 Role of Experts		422
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		422
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		423
4. Revocation/Cancellation		423
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		423
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		423
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		423
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		423
5. Trial and Settlement		423
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		423
5.2 Decision-Makers		424
5.3 Settling the Case		424
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		424
6. Remedies		424
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		424
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		424
6.3 Types of Remedies		424
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		424
7. Appeal		425
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		425
7.2 Type of Review		425
8. Costs		425
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		425
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		425
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		425
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		425
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		425
10. Assignment and Licensing		425
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		425
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		425
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		426
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		426
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		431
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		431
1.2 Grant Procedure		431
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		433
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		433
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		433
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		434
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		435
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		435
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		435
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		435
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		436
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		436
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		437
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		437
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		437
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		437
2.6 Legal Representation		438
2.7 Interim Injunctions		438
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		438
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		439
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		439
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		439
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		440
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		440
3. Infringement		441
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		441
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		441
3.3 Process Patents		441
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		441
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		442
3.6 Role of Experts		442
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		442
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		442
4. Revocation/Cancellation		443
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		443
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		444
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		444
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		444
5. Trial and Settlement		444
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		444
5.2 Decision-Makers		445
5.3 Settling the Case		445
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		445
6. Remedies		445
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		445
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		446
6.3 Types of Remedies		446
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		446
7. Appeal		446
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		446
7.2 Type of Review		446
8. Costs		446
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		446
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		446
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		446
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		447
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		447
10. Assignment and Licensing		447
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		447
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		447
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		447
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		447
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		458
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		458
1.2 Grant Procedure		458
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		459
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		459
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		460
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		460
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		460
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		461
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		461
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		462
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		462
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		462
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		462
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		463
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		464
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		464
2.6 Legal Representation		464
2.7 Interim Injunctions		464
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		465
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		465
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		466
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		467
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		467
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		467
3. Infringement		467
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		467
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		467
3.3 Process Patents		468
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		468
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		469
3.6 Role of Experts		469
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		469
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		469
4. Revocation/Cancellation		470
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		470
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		470
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		470
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		471
5. Trial and Settlement		471
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		471
5.2 Decision-Makers		472
5.3 Settling the Case		472
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		472
6. Remedies		472
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		472
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		473
6.3 Types of Remedies		473
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		473
7. Appeal		473
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		473
7.2 Type of Review		474
8. Costs		474
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		474
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		474
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		474
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		474
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		474
10. Assignment and Licensing		474
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		474
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		474
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		475
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		475
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		479
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		479
1.2 Grant Procedure		479
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		480
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		481
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		481
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		482
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		482
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		482
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		482
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		483
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		483
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		483
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		483
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		485
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		485
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		486
2.6 Legal Representation		486
2.7 Interim Injunctions		486
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		487
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		487
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		487
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		488
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		488
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		488
3. Infringement		489
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		489
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		489
3.3 Process Patents		490
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		490
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		491
3.6 Role of Experts		492
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		492
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		492
4. Revocation/Cancellation		492
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		492
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		493
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		493
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		493
5. Trial and Settlement		493
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		493
5.2 Decision-Makers		494
5.3 Settling the Case		494
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		495
6. Remedies		495
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		495
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		496
6.3 Types of Remedies		496
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		496
7. Appeal		496
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		496
7.2 Type of Review		496
8. Costs		497
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		497
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		497
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		497
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		497
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		497
10. Assignment and Licensing		497
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		497
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		498
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		498
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		498
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		510
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		510
1.2 Grant Procedure		510
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		510
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		510
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		511
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		511
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		511
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		512
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		512
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		512
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		512
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		512
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		512
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		513
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		513
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		513
2.6 Legal Representation		513
2.7 Interim Injunctions		513
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		514
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		514
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		514
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		514
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		515
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		515
3. Infringement		515
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		515
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		515
3.3 Process Patents		516
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		516
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		516
3.6 Role of Experts		517
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		517
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		517
4. Revocation/Cancellation		517
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		517
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		518
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		518
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		518
5. Trial and Settlement		519
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		519
5.2 Decision-Makers		520
5.3 Settling the Case		520
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		521
6. Remedies		521
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		521
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		522
6.3 Types of Remedies		523
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		523
7. Appeal		524
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		524
7.2 Type of Review		524
8. Costs		524
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		524
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		524
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		525
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		525
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		525
10. Assignment and Licensing		526
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		526
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		526
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		526
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		527
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		540
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		540
1.2 Grant Procedure		540
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		540
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		540
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		541
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		542
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		543
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		543
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		543
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		543
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		544
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		544
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		545
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		545
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		546
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		546
2.6 Legal Representation		546
2.7 Interim Injunctions		546
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		547
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		547
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		547
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		548
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		548
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		548
3. Infringement		549
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		549
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		549
3.3 Process Patents		549
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		549
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		550
3.6 Role of Experts		551
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		552
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		552
4. Revocation/Cancellation		552
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		552
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		552
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		552
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		553
5. Trial and Settlement		553
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		553
5.2 Decision-Makers		553
5.3 Settling the Case		554
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		554
6. Remedies		554
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		554
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		555
6.3 Types of Remedies		555
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		555
7. Appeal		555
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		555
7.2 Type of Review		555
8. Costs		556
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		556
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		556
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		556
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		557
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		557
10. Assignment and Licensing		558
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		558
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		558
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		558
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		559
1. Intellectual Property Rights and Granting Procedure		571
1.1 Types of Intellectual Property Rights		571
1.2 Grant Procedure		571
1.3 Timeline for Grant Procedure		572
1.4 Term of Each Intellectual Property Right		573
1.5 Rights and Obligations of Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		573
1.6 Further Protection After Lapse of the Maximum Term		573
1.7 Third-Party Rights to Participate in Grant Proceedings		574
1.8 Remedies Against Refusal to Grant an Intellectual Property Right		574
1.9 Consequences of Failure to Pay Annual Fees		574
1.10 Post-Grant Proceedings Available to Owners of Intellectual Property Rights		574
2. Initiating a Lawsuit		575
2.1 Actions Available Against Infringement		575
2.2 Third-Party Remedies to Remove the Effects of Intellectual Property		575
2.3 Courts With Jurisdiction		575
2.4 Specialised Bodies/Organisations for the Resolution of Disputes		576
2.5 Prerequisites to Filing a Lawsuit		576
2.6 Legal Representation		576
2.7 Interim Injunctions		576
2.8 Protection for Potential Opponents		576
2.9 Special Limitation Provisions		577
2.10 Mechanisms to Obtain Evidence and Information		577
2.11 Initial Pleading Standards		577
2.12 Representative or Collective Action		578
2.13 Restrictions on Assertion of an Intellectual Property Right		578
3. Infringement		578
3.1 Necessary Parties to an Action for Infringement		578
3.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement		578
3.3 Process Patents		579
3.4 Scope of Protection for an Intellectual Property Right		579
3.5 Defences Against Infringement		580
3.6 Role of Experts		580
3.7 Procedure for Construing the Terms of the Patent’s Claim		581
3.8 Procedure for Third-Party Opinions		581
4. Revocation/Cancellation		581
4.1 Reasons and Remedies for Revocation/Cancellation		581
4.2 Partial Revocation/Cancellation		581
4.3 Amendments in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		581
4.4 Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		582
5. Trial and Settlement		582
5.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Intellectual Property Rights		582
5.2 Decision-Makers		583
5.3 Settling the Case		584
5.4 Other Court Proceedings		584
6. Remedies		584
6.1 Remedies for the Patentee		584
6.2 Rights of Prevailing Defendants		585
6.3 Types of Remedies		585
6.4 Injunctions Pending Appeal		585
7. Appeal		585
7.1 Special Provisions for Intellectual Property Proceedings		585
7.2 Type of Review		585
8. Costs		586
8.1 Costs Before Filing a Lawsuit		586
8.2 Calculation of Court Fees		586
8.3 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		586
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution		586
9.1 Type of Actions for Intellectual Property		586
10. Assignment and Licensing		587
10.1 Requirements or Restrictions for Assignment of Intellectual Property Rights		587
10.2 Procedure for Assigning an Intellectual Property Right		587
10.3 Requirements or Restrictions to License an Intellectual Property Right		587
10.4 Procedure for Licensing an Intellectual Property Right		587

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