Public and Administrative Law 2025

GERMANY CONTENTS

9. Time Limits and Preliminary Steps p.137 9.1 Preliminary Requirements p.137 9.2 Exhausting Internal Appeals p.137 9.3 Time Limits p.137 9.4 Evidence Required to Initiate a Claim p.137 9.5 Procedural Stages p.137 9.6 Initial Sifting Process p.137 9.7 Expedited Proceedings p.137 10. Grounds p.137 10.1 Scope of Judicial Review: Merits v Process p.137 10.2 Constitutional Challenge p.137 10.3 Procedural Errors p.138 10.4 Factual Errors p.138 10.5 Abdication or Fettering of Discretion p.138 10.6 Bias p.138 10.7 Unequal Treatment p.138

10.8 Human Rights p.138 10.9 Proportionality p.138

10.10 Additional Grounds p.138 10.11 Exempt Decisions p.138 11. Defence p.139 11.1 Timing and Grounds of Defence p.139 12. Interim Relief p.139 12.1 Common Forms of Interim Relief p.139

13. Remedies p.139 13.1 Damages p.139 13.2 Invalidating Legislation p.139

13.3 Mandating Government Action Through Court Orders p.139 13.4 Next Steps Where a Decision Is Found Unlawful p.139 14. Costs p.139 14.1 Mechanisms to Protect Claimants From Excessive Costs p.139 14.2 Public Interest Costs p.139 14.3 Wasted Costs p.139 15. Appeals p.139

15.1 Right to Appeal p.139 15.2 Appeal Forums p.140

15.3 Permission to Appeal p.140 15.4 Rehearing of Appeal? p.140

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