Public and Administrative Law 2025

UK CONTENTS

9. Time Limits and Preliminary Steps p.218 9.1 Preliminary Requirements p.218 9.2 Exhausting Internal Appeals p.218 9.3 Time Limits p.218 9.4 Evidence Required to Initiate a Claim p.219 9.5 Procedural Stages p.219 9.6 Initial Sifting Process p.220 9.7 Expedited Proceedings p.220 10. Grounds p.221 10.1 Scope of Judicial Review: Merits v Process p.221 10.2 Constitutional Challenge p.221 10.3 Procedural Errors p.222 10.4 Factual Errors p.222 10.5 Abdication or Fettering of Discretion p.223 10.6 Bias p.223 10.7 Unequal Treatment p.223

10.8 Human Rights p.223 10.9 Proportionality p.224

10.10 Additional Grounds p.224 10.11 Exempt Decisions p.224 11. Defence p.225 11.1 Timing and Grounds of Defence p.225 12. Interim Relief p.225 12.1 Common Forms of Interim Relief p.225

13. Remedies p.225 13.1 Damages p.225 13.2 Invalidating Legislation p.226

13.3 Mandating Government Action Through Court Orders p.226 13.4 Next Steps Where a Decision Is Found Unlawful p.226 14. Costs p.227 14.1 Mechanisms to Protect Claimants From Excessive Costs p.227 14.2 Public Interest Costs p.227 14.3 Wasted Costs p.227 15. Appeals p.227

15.1 Right to Appeal p.227 15.2 Appeal Forums p.228

15.3 Permission to Appeal p.228 15.4 Rehearing of Appeal? p.228

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