GREECE Law and Practice Contributed by: Nikos Nikolinakos, Dina Kouvelou and Alexis Spyropoulos, Nikolinakos & Partners Law Firm
Jurisdiction • Brussels I Regulation: jurisdiction lies with the member state where harm occurs (eg, Greek courts for harm in Greece). • Rome II Regulation: non-contractual disputes follow the law of the harm's location. • GDPR: applies to entities processing EU resi - dents' data, even outside the EU. • AI Act: extends to non-EU entities if their AI impacts the EU, including Greece. Fundamental Rights AI-related fundamental rights in Greece are based on: • the Greek Constitution, which protects dig - nity, equality, data protection and freedom of expression; • GDPR and Law 4624/2019, which ensure personal data rights; • Law 4443/2016, which promotes equality and non-discrimination; • Law 4961/2022, which mandates algorithmic impact assessments for public entities and data ethics policies for private companies; and • the AI Act, which requires Fundamental Rights Impact Assessments for high-risk AI systems. In November 2024, the Ministry of Digital Gov - ernance listed the authorities with power to ensure compliance with these rights, including: • the Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA); • the Greek Ombudsman; • the Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy (ADAE); and • the National Commission for Human Rights.
of fault, illegal action and causality, although autonomous systems complicate fault attribu - tion. Insurance In Greece, IT service providers typically have general civil liability coverage, which can cover AI systems. Transparency AI transparency is governed by the following EU and national laws: • the AI Act requires transparency for high-risk AI systems, general-purpose models and systems generating synthetic or deepfake content, ensuring that users are informed and that AI-generated content is labelled as such; and • Law 4961/2022 mandates that medium and large enterprises must maintain AI system registers and disclose decision-making parameters for systems affecting employee or consumer decisions. Data Protection AI systems must comply with GDPR and Law 4624/2019. Intellectual Property Under the Greek Copyright Law 2121/1993, computer-generated and AI works may only be protected if the prerequisite of “human inter - vention” is fulfilled (ie, through the selection of the data to be entered into a machine or of the parameters determining the objective of the machine’s activity); inversely, works autono - mously and exclusively produced by information technology systems are not copyrightable.
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