i Table of contents 507

TMT 2025

Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers

INTRODUCTION		6
Contributed by Herald Jongen, Nienke Bernard and Wouter van Wengen, Greenberg Traurig, LLP		6
BRAZIL		11
Law and Practice		11
Contributed by Azevedo Sette Advogados		11
COLOMBIA		33
Law and Practice		33
Contributed by Baker McKenzie		33
Trends and Developments		50
Contributed by Baker McKenzie		50
EGYPT		55
Law and Practice		55
Contributed by Shehata & Partners		55
FRANCE		75
Law and Practice		75
Contributed by White & Case LLP		75
GREECE		98
Law and Practice		98
Contributed by Nikolinakos & Partners Law Firm		98
INDIA		122
Law and Practice		122
Contributed by G&W Legal		122
INDONESIA		144
Law and Practice		144
Contributed by ABNR Counsellors at Law		144
JAPAN		166
Law and Practice		166
Contributed by Mori Hamada & Matsumoto		166
Trends and Developments		188
Contributed by Nagashima Ohno & Tsunematsu		188
MACAU SAR, CHINA		198
Law and Practice		198
Contributed by Lektou		198
MALAYSIA		216
Law and Practice		216
Contributed by Shearn Delamore & Co.		216
Trends and Developments		240
Contributed by Shearn Delamore & Co.		240
MALTA		250
Law and Practice		250
Contributed by GVZH Advocates		250
MEXICO		275
Law and Practice		275
Contributed by Galicia Abogados		275
NETHERLANDS		296
Trends and Developments		296
Contributed by Greenberg Traurig, LLP		296
NIGERIA		303
Law and Practice		303
Contributed by ǼLEX		303
Trends and Developments		329
Contributed by ǼLEX		329
NORWAY		338
Law and Practice		338
Contributed by Haavind		338
POLAND		359
Law and Practice		359
Contributed by Traple Konarski Podrecki & Partners		359
Trends and Developments		370
Contributed by Sołtysiński Kawecki & Szlęzak		370
PORTUGAL		378
Law and Practice		378
Contributed by CS’Associados		378
SINGAPORE		403
Law and Practice		403
Contributed by Drew & Napier LLC		403
Trends and Developments		429
Contributed by Rajah & Tann Singapore LLP		429
SOUTH KOREA		438
Trends and Developments		438
Contributed by Lee & Ko		438
SWEDEN		447
Trends and Developments		447
Contributed by Advokatfirman Delphi AB		447
SWITZERLAND		455
Law and Practice		455
Contributed by Lenz & Staehelin		455
TAIWAN		477
Law and Practice		477
Contributed by Lee, Tsai & Partners		477
Trends and Developments		500
Contributed by Lee, Tsai & Partners		500
1. Digital Economy		14
1.1 Key Challenges		14
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		15
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		16
1.4 Consumer Protection		17
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		18
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		19
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		19
3. Artificial Intelligence		20
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		20
4. Internet of Things		21
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		21
4.2 Compliance and Governance		23
4.3 Data Sharing		23
5. Audiovisual Media Services		24
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		24
6. Telecommunications		25
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		25
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		26
6.3 Emerging Technologies		27
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		27
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		27
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		28
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		28
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		28
9. Gaming Industry		29
9.1 Regulations		29
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		30
9.3 Intellectual Property		31
10. Social Media		31
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		31
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		32
1. Digital Economy		35
1.1 Key Challenges		35
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		36
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		36
1.4 Consumer Protection		37
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		38
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		38
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		38
3. Artificial Intelligence		39
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		39
4. Internet of Things		40
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		40
4.2 Compliance and Governance		40
4.3 Data Sharing		41
5. Audiovisual Media Services		42
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		42
6. Telecommunications		43
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		43
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		44
6.3 Emerging Technologies		44
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		44
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		44
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		45
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		45
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		45
9. Gaming Industry		46
9.1 Regulations		46
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		46
9.3 Intellectual Property		47
10. Social Media		47
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		47
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		48
1. Digital Economy		57
1.1 Key Challenges		57
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		60
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		61
1.4 Consumer Protection		62
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		63
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		63
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		63
3. Artificial Intelligence		63
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		63
4. Internet of Things		65
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		65
4.2 Compliance and Governance		65
4.3 Data Sharing		65
5. Audiovisual Media Services		66
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		66
6. Telecommunications		67
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		67
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		68
6.3 Emerging Technologies		68
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		70
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		70
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		71
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		72
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		72
9. Gaming Industry		73
9.1 Regulations		73
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		74
9.3 Intellectual Property		74
10. Social Media		74
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		74
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		74
1. Digital Economy		78
1.1 Key Challenges		78
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		79
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		80
1.4 Consumer Protection		80
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		81
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		83
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		83
3. Artificial Intelligence		85
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		85
4. Internet of Things		87
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		87
4.2 Compliance and Governance		88
4.3 Data Sharing		89
5. Audiovisual Media Services		89
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		89
6. Telecommunications		91
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		91
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		92
6.3 Emerging Technologies		93
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		93
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		93
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		94
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		94
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		94
9. Gaming Industry		95
9.1 Regulations		95
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		95
9.3 Intellectual Property		96
10. Social Media		96
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		96
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		97
1. Digital Economy		101
1.1 Key Challenges		101
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		101
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		101
1.4 Consumer Protection		102
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		103
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		103
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		103
3. Artificial Intelligence		104
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		104
4. Internet of Things		106
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		106
4.2 Compliance and Governance		106
4.3 Data Sharing		107
5. Audiovisual Media Services		107
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		107
6. Telecommunications		108
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		108
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		110
6.3 Emerging Technologies		110
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		111
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		111
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		112
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		114
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		114
9. Gaming Industry		116
9.1 Regulations		116
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		117
9.3 Intellectual Property		118
10. Social Media		119
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		119
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		120
1. Digital Economy		125
1.1 Key Challenges		125
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		125
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		125
1.4 Consumer Protection		126
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		127
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		128
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		128
3. Artificial Intelligence		130
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		130
4. Internet of Things		132
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		132
4.2 Compliance and Governance		133
4.3 Data Sharing		133
5. Audiovisual Media Services		133
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		133
6. Telecommunications		134
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		134
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		135
6.3 Emerging Technologies		136
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		136
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		136
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		138
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		139
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		139
9. Gaming Industry		140
9.1 Regulations		140
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		141
9.3 Intellectual Property		141
10. Social Media		142
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		142
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		142
1. Digital Economy		147
1.1 Key Challenges		147
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		149
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		150
1.4 Consumer Protection		150
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		151
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		151
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		151
3. Artificial Intelligence		152
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		152
4. Internet of Things		154
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		154
4.2 Compliance and Governance		155
4.3 Data Sharing		155
5. Audiovisual Media Services		156
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		156
6. Telecommunications		157
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		157
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		159
6.3 Emerging Technologies		159
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		160
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		160
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		161
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		161
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		161
9. Gaming Industry		162
9.1 Regulations		162
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		163
9.3 Intellectual Property		163
10. Social Media		164
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		164
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		165
1. Digital Economy		168
1.1 Key Challenges		168
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		169
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		171
1.4 Consumer Protection		172
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		172
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		173
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		173
3. Artificial Intelligence		174
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		174
4. Internet of Things		177
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		177
4.2 Compliance and Governance		178
4.3 Data Sharing		178
5. Audiovisual Media Services		179
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		179
6. Telecommunications		179
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		179
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		180
6.3 Emerging Technologies		181
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		181
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		181
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		182
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		182
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		182
9. Gaming Industry		184
9.1 Regulations		184
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		185
9.3 Intellectual Property		185
10. Social Media		186
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		186
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		186
1. Digital Economy		200
1.1 Key Challenges		200
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		200
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		200
1.4 Consumer Protection		201
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		201
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		202
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		202
3. Artificial Intelligence		203
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		203
4. Internet of Things		204
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		204
4.2 Compliance and Governance		204
4.3 Data Sharing		205
5. Audiovisual Media Services		205
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		205
6. Telecommunications		207
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		207
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		210
6.3 Emerging Technologies		210
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		211
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		211
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		211
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		212
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		212
9. Gaming Industry		213
9.1 Regulations		213
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		214
9.3 Intellectual Property		214
10. Social Media		215
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		215
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		215
1. Digital Economy		219
1.1 Key Challenges		219
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		221
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		223
1.4 Consumer Protection		223
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		223
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		224
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		224
3. Artificial Intelligence		227
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		227
4. Internet of Things		229
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		229
4.2 Compliance and Governance		229
4.3 Data Sharing		230
5. Audiovisual Media Services		230
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		230
6. Telecommunications		231
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		231
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		233
6.3 Emerging Technologies		233
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		233
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		233
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		234
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		234
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		234
9. Gaming Industry		235
9.1 Regulations		235
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		237
9.3 Intellectual Property		237
10. Social Media		238
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		238
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		239
1. Digital Economy		253
1.1 Key Challenges		253
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		253
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		253
1.4 Consumer Protection		254
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		254
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		255
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		255
3. Artificial Intelligence		257
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		257
4. Internet of Things		259
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		259
4.2 Compliance and Governance		259
4.3 Data Sharing		260
5. Audiovisual Media Services		260
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		260
6. Telecommunications		262
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		262
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		263
6.3 Emerging Technologies		263
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		264
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		264
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		267
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		267
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		267
9. Gaming Industry		269
9.1 Regulations		269
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		270
9.3 Intellectual Property		271
10. Social Media		272
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		272
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		273
1. Digital Economy		278
1.1 Key Challenges		278
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		280
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		281
1.4 Consumer Protection		281
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		282
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		282
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		282
3. Artificial Intelligence		283
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		283
4. Internet of Things		284
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		284
4.2 Compliance and Governance		285
4.3 Data Sharing		286
5. Audiovisual Media Services		286
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		286
6. Telecommunications		287
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		287
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		288
6.3 Emerging Technologies		288
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		288
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		288
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		289
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		290
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		290
9. Gaming Industry		291
9.1 Regulations		291
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		292
9.3 Intellectual Property		292
10. Social Media		293
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		293
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		295
1. Digital Economy		306
1.1 Key Challenges		306
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		309
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		310
1.4 Consumer Protection		310
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		311
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		313
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		313
3. Artificial Intelligence		313
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		313
4. Internet of Things		315
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		315
4.2 Compliance and Governance		315
4.3 Data Sharing		315
5. Audiovisual Media Services		316
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		316
6. Telecommunications		317
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		317
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		318
6.3 Emerging Technologies		318
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		319
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		319
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		321
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		322
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		322
9. Gaming Industry		323
9.1 Regulations		323
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		324
9.3 Intellectual Property		325
10. Social Media		326
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		326
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		327
1. Digital Economy		341
1.1 Key Challenges		341
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		341
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		342
1.4 Consumer Protection		342
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		343
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		344
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		344
3. Artificial Intelligence		346
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		346
4. Internet of Things		348
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		348
4.2 Compliance and Governance		349
4.3 Data Sharing		349
5. Audiovisual Media Services		350
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		350
6. Telecommunications		351
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		351
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		353
6.3 Emerging Technologies		353
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		353
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		353
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		354
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		355
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		355
9. Gaming Industry		355
9.1 Regulations		355
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		356
9.3 Intellectual Property		357
10. Social Media		358
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		358
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		358
1. Digital Economy		361
1.1 Key Challenges		361
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		361
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		361
1.4 Consumer Protection		362
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		362
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		363
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		363
3. Artificial Intelligence		363
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		363
4. Internet of Things		363
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		363
4.2 Compliance and Governance		364
4.3 Data Sharing		364
5. Audiovisual Media Services		364
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		364
6. Telecommunications		364
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		364
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		365
6.3 Emerging Technologies		365
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		365
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		365
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		366
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		367
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		367
9. Gaming Industry		367
9.1 Regulations		367
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		367
9.3 Intellectual Property		367
10. Social Media		369
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		369
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		369
1. Digital Economy		381
1.1 Key Challenges		381
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		382
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		383
1.4 Consumer Protection		383
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		384
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		385
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		385
3. Artificial Intelligence		386
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		386
4. Internet of Things		387
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		387
4.2 Compliance and Governance		388
4.3 Data Sharing		389
5. Audiovisual Media Services		389
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		389
6. Telecommunications		391
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		391
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		392
6.3 Emerging Technologies		393
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		395
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		395
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		395
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		396
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		396
9. Gaming Industry		397
9.1 Regulations		397
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		398
9.3 Intellectual Property		399
10. Social Media		400
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		400
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		401
1. Digital Economy		405
1.1 Key Challenges		405
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		406
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		407
1.4 Consumer Protection		407
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		407
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		408
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		408
3. Artificial Intelligence		411
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		411
4. Internet of Things		413
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		413
4.2 Compliance and Governance		415
4.3 Data Sharing		415
5. Audiovisual Media Services		416
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		416
6. Telecommunications		418
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		418
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		420
6.3 Emerging Technologies		420
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		420
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		420
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		421
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		422
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		422
9. Gaming Industry		424
9.1 Regulations		424
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		425
9.3 Intellectual Property		426
10. Social Media		427
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		427
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		428
1. Digital Economy		457
1.1 Key Challenges		457
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		457
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		458
1.4 Consumer Protection		458
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		458
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		459
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		459
3. Artificial Intelligence		462
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		462
4. Internet of Things		464
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		464
4.2 Compliance and Governance		465
4.3 Data Sharing		465
5. Audiovisual Media Services		465
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		465
6. Telecommunications		467
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		467
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		468
6.3 Emerging Technologies		468
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		468
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		468
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		471
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		472
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		472
9. Gaming Industry		473
9.1 Regulations		473
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		473
9.3 Intellectual Property		474
10. Social Media		475
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		475
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		475
1. Digital Economy		480
1.1 Key Challenges		480
1.2 Digital Economy Taxation		480
1.3 Taxation of Digital Advertising		482
1.4 Consumer Protection		482
1.5 The Role of Blockchain in the Digital Economy		483
2. Cloud and Edge Computing		485
2.1 Highly Regulated Industries and Data Protection		485
3. Artificial Intelligence		486
3.1 Liability, Data Protection, IP and Fundamental Rights		486
4. Internet of Things		487
4.1 Machine-to-Machine Communications, Communications Secrecy and Data Protection		487
4.2 Compliance and Governance		488
4.3 Data Sharing		488
5. Audiovisual Media Services		489
5.1 Requirements and Authorisation Procedures		489
6. Telecommunications		490
6.1 Scope of Regulation and Pre-Marketing Requirements		490
6.2 Net Neutrality Regulations		491
6.3 Emerging Technologies		491
7. Challenges with Technology Agreements		492
7.1 Legal Framework Challenges		492
7.2 Service Agreements and Interconnection Agreements		493
8. Trust Services and Digital Entities		493
8.1 Trust Services and Electronic Signatures/Digital Identity Schemes		493
9. Gaming Industry		494
9.1 Regulations		494
9.2 Regulatory Bodies		496
9.3 Intellectual Property		496
10. Social Media		497
10.1 Laws and Regulations for Social Media		497
10.2 Regulatory and Compliance Issues		498

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