Litigation 2025

BELGIUM

Netherlands

Brussels Belgium

Germany

Law and Practice Contributed by: Dominique Blommaert, Didier Bracke and Jens Benoot Janson

Luxembourg

France

Contents 1. General p.105 1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System p.105 1.2 Court System p.105

1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings p.105 1.4 Legal Representation in Court p.106 2. Litigation Funding p.106

2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding p.106 2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits p.106 2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant p.106 2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding p.107 2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding p.107 2.6 Contingency Fees p.107 2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding p.107 3. Initiating a Lawsuit p.107 3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct p.107 3.2 Statutes of Limitations p.108 3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant p.108

3.4 Initial Complaint p.108 3.5 Rules of Service p.109 3.6 Failure to Respond p.109

3.7 Representative or Collective Actions p.109 3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate p.109 4. Pre-trial Proceedings p.109

4.1 Interim Applications/Motions p.109 4.2 Early Judgment Applications p.110 4.3 Dispositive Motions p.110 4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit p.110 4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs p.110 4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions p.110 4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe p.110

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