i Table of contents 1548

Litigation 2025

Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers

INTRODUCTION		8
Contributed by Gary Born and Matteo Angelini, WilmerHale		8
ANGOLA		12
Law and Practice		12
Contributed by FBL ADVOGADOS		12
AUSTRALIA		30
Law and Practice		30
Contributed by Banton Group		30
Trends and Developments		44
Contributed by Banton Group		44
AUSTRIA		49
Law and Practice		49
Contributed by KNOETZL HAUGENEDER NETAL GmbH		49
Trends and Developments		75
Contributed by KNOETZL HAUGENEDER NETAL GmbH		75
BAHAMAS		81
Law and Practice		81
Contributed by McKinney, Bancroft & Hughes		81
Trends and Developments		95
Contributed by McKinney, Bancroft & Hughes		95
BELGIUM		101
Law and Practice		101
Contributed by Janson		101
BERMUDA		119
Law and Practice		119
Contributed by Carey Olsen Bermuda Limited		119
BELIZE		143
Law and Practice		143
Contributed by Barrow and Williams LLP		143
BRAZIL		163
Law and Practice		163
Contributed by Villamil Advogados		163
Trends and Developments		186
Contributed by Akel Advogados		186
BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS		192
Law and Practice		192
Contributed by Carey Olsen		192
CANADA		219
Law and Practice		219
Contributed by Lawson Lundell LLP		219
Trends and Developments		243
Contributed by Lawson Lundell LLP		243
Cayman ISLANDS		252
Law and Practice		252
Contributed by Carey Olsen		252
CHILE		279
Trends and Developments		279
Contributed by Fleischmann & Román Abogados		279
CHINA		285
Law and Practice		285
Contributed by CCPIT Patent and Trademark Law Office		285
Trends and Developments		307
Contributed by Lawjay Partners		307
CUBA		313
Trends and Developments		313
Contributed by Akerman LLP		313
CYPRUS		322
Law and Practice		322
Contributed by Scordis, Papapetrou & Co LLC		322
Trends and Developments		343
Contributed by Scordis, Papapetrou & Co LLC		343
DENMARK		350
Law and Practice		350
Contributed by Fabritius Tengnagel & Heine		350
Trends and Developments		373
Contributed by Gorrissen Federspiel		373
EGYPT		381
Law and Practice		381
Contributed by Shehata & Partners		381
ENGLAND & WALES		406
Law and Practice		406
Contributed by Slaughter and May		406
Trends and Developments		431
Contributed by Maltin PR		431
FRANCE		437
Law and Practice		437
Contributed by Kiejman & Marembert		437
Trends and Developments		460
Contributed by Jeantet		460
GERMANY		467
Law and Practice		467
Contributed by Pfitzner Legal		467
GREECE		494
Law and Practice		494
Contributed by Moussas & Partners		494
GUERNSEY		522
Law and Practice		522
Contributed by Carey Olsen		522
HUNGARY		545
Law and Practice		545
Contributed by PROVARIS Varga & Partners		545
Trends and Developments		578
Contributed by PROVARIS Varga & Partners		578
INDIA		586
Law and Practice		586
Contributed by Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas		586
Trends and Developments		612
Contributed by Chambers of Sidharth Luthra		612
INDONESIA		620
Law and Practice		620
Contributed by SSEK Law Firm		620
Trends and Developments		645
Contributed by SSEK Law Firm		645
ITALY		652
Law and Practice		652
Contributed by Eversheds Sutherland		652
Trends and Developments		678
Contributed by Eversheds Sutherland		678
JAPAN		687
Law and Practice		687
Contributed by Anderson Mori & Tomotsune		687
Trends and Developments		707
Contributed by SHUSAKU·YAMAMOTO		707
JERSEY		716
Law and Practice		716
Contributed by Carey Olsen		716
KUWAIT		741
Law and Practice		741
Contributed by Taher Group Law Firm Co		741
LEBANON		766
Law and Practice		766
Contributed by Obeid & Partners		766
LIECHTENSTEIN		793
Law and Practice		793
Contributed by Schurti Partners Attorneys at Law Ltd		793
Trends and Developments		816
Contributed by Nueber Konzett Attorneys-at-Law		816
LUXEMBOURG		822
Law and Practice		822
Contributed by BSP		822
MACAU SAR, CHINA		841
Law and Practice		841
Contributed by Riquito Advogados		841
Trends and Developments		867
Contributed by Riquito Advogados		867
MALAYSIA		875
Law and Practice		875
Contributed by Shearn Delamore & Co		875
Trends and Developments		899
Contributed by Shearn Delamore & Co		899
MALTA		907
Law and Practice		907
Contributed by Ganado Advocates		907
MAURITIUS		933
Law and Practice		933
Contributed by BLC Robert & Associates		933
MEXICO		957
Law and Practice		957
Contributed by Von Wobeser y Sierra, SC		957
Trends and Developments		977
Contributed by White & Case, S.C.		977
MONACO		985
Law and Practice		985
Contributed by CMS Monaco		985
NETHERLANDS		1003
Law and Practice		1003
Contributed by Florent B.V.		1003
NIGERIA		1030
Law and Practice		1030
Contributed by G. Elias		1030
Trends and Developments		1054
Contributed by Kenna Partners		1054
NORWAY		1063
Law and Practice		1063
Contributed by Advokatfirmaet Simonsen Vogt Wiig		1063
Trends and Developments		1087
Contributed by Advokatfirmaet Simonsen Vogt Wiig		1087
PHILIPPINES		1094
Law and Practice		1094
Contributed by Angara Abello Concepcion Regala & Cruz		1094
Trends and Developments		1118
Contributed by Angara Abello Concepcion Regala & Cruz		1118
POLAND		1125
Law and Practice		1125
Contributed by Sołtysiński Kawecki & Szlęzak		1125
PORTUGAL		1146
Law and Practice		1146
Contributed by PLMJ		1146
Trends and Developments		1172
Contributed by Abreu Advogados		1172
ROMANIA		1180
Law and Practice		1180
Contributed by Zamfirescu Racoți Vasile & Partners Attorneys At Law		1180
Trends and Developments		1204
Contributed by Zamfirescu Racoți Vasile & Partners Attorneys At Law		1204
SAUDI ARABIA		1209
Law and Practice		1209
Contributed by Derayah LLPC		1209
SINGAPORE		1229
Law and Practice		1229
Contributed by Drew & Napier LLC		1229
Trends and Developments		1262
Contributed by WongPartnership LLP		1262
SOUTH KOREA		1271
Law and Practice		1271
Contributed by Kim & Chang		1271
SPAIN		1295
Law and Practice		1295
Contributed by Lopez-Ibor DPM		1295
Trends and Developments		1317
Contributed by Lopez-Ibor DPM		1317
SWEDEN		1326
Law and Practice		1326
Contributed by Delphi		1326
TAIWAN		1350
Law and Practice		1350
Contributed by Formosa Transnational Attorneys At Law		1350
THAILAND		1375
Law and Practice		1375
Contributed by Tilleke & Gibbins		1375
Trends and Developments		1396
Contributed by Pisut & Partners		1396
TÜRKIYE		1404
Law and Practice		1404
Contributed by Aktay Law Firm		1404
Trends and Developments		1426
Contributed by Aktay Law Firm		1426
USA		1434
Law and Practice		1434
Contributed by Ajamie LLP		1434
Trends and Developments		1463
Contributed by Kasowitz Benson Torres LLP		1463
USA – CALIFORNIA		1470
Trends and Developments		1470
Contributed by Alto Litigation		1470
USA – FLORIDA		1482
Trends and Developments		1482
Contributed by Berk, Merchant & Sims		1482
USA – ILLINOIS		1488
Trends and Developments		1488
Contributed by Much Shelist		1488
USA – NEVADA		1495
Trends and Developments		1495
Contributed by Mead Law Group		1495
USA – NEW YORK		1502
Trends and Developments		1502
Contributed by Perry Law		1502
USA – WASHINGTON		1509
Trends and Developments		1509
Contributed by Summit Law Group		1509
VIETNAM		1516
Law and Practice		1516
Contributed by Le & Tran		1516
Trends and Developments		1541
Contributed by Le & Tran		1541
1. General		16
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		16
1.2 Court System		16
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		17
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		17
2. Litigation Funding		17
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		17
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		17
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		17
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		17
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		17
2.6 Contingency Fees		17
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		17
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		17
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		17
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		18
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		18
3.4 Initial Complaint		18
3.5 Rules of Service		18
3.6 Failure to Respond		18
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		19
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		19
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		19
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		19
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		19
4.3 Dispositive Motions		19
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		19
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		20
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		20
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		20
5. Discovery		20
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		20
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		20
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		20
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		21
5.5 Legal Privilege		21
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		21
6. Injunctive Relief		21
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		21
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		22
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		22
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		22
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		22
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		22
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		22
7. Trials and Hearings		22
7.1 Trial Proceedings		22
7.2 Case Management Hearings		23
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		23
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		23
7.5 Expert Testimony		23
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		23
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		24
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		24
8. Settlement		25
8.1 Court Approval		25
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		25
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		25
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		25
9. Damages and Judgment		25
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		25
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		25
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		26
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		26
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		26
10. Appeal		26
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		26
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		27
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		27
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		27
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		27
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		27
11. Costs		28
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		28
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		28
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		28
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		28
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		28
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		28
12.3 ADR Institutions		28
13. Arbitration		28
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		28
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		29
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		29
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		29
14. Outlook		29
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		29
14.2 Growth Areas		29
1. General		35
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		35
1.2 Court System		35
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		35
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		35
2. Litigation Funding		36
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		36
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		36
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		36
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		36
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		36
2.6 Contingency Fees		36
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		36
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		37
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		37
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		37
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		37
3.4 Initial Complaint		37
3.5 Rules of Service		37
3.6 Failure to Respond		37
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		37
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		37
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		37
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		37
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		38
4.3 Dispositive Motions		38
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		38
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		38
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		38
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		38
5. Discovery		38
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		38
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		38
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		38
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		38
5.5 Legal Privilege		38
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		38
6. Injunctive Relief		39
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		39
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		39
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		39
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		39
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		39
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		39
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		40
7. Trials and Hearings		40
7.1 Trial Proceedings		40
7.2 Case Management Hearings		40
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		40
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		40
7.5 Expert Testimony		40
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		40
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		40
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		40
8. Settlement		40
8.1 Court Approval		40
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		40
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		41
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		41
9. Damages and Judgment		41
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		41
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		41
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		41
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		41
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		41
10. Appeal		41
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		41
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		41
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		41
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		42
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		42
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		42
11. Costs		42
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		42
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		42
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		42
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		42
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		42
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		42
12.3 ADR Institutions		42
13. Arbitration		42
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		42
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		43
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		43
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		43
14. Outlook		43
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		43
14.2 Growth Areas		43
1. General		54
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		54
1.2 Court System		54
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		54
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		54
2. Litigation Funding		55
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		55
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		55
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		55
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		55
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		55
2.6 Contingency Fees		55
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		56
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		56
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		56
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		56
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		56
3.4 Initial Complaint		57
3.5 Rules of Service		58
3.6 Failure to Respond		58
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		58
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		59
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		59
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		59
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		59
4.3 Dispositive Motions		60
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		60
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		60
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		61
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		61
5. Discovery		61
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		61
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		61
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		62
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		62
5.5 Legal Privilege		62
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		62
6. Injunctive Relief		63
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		63
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		63
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		63
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		64
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		64
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		64
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		64
7. Trials and Hearings		64
7.1 Trial Proceedings		64
7.2 Case Management Hearings		65
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		65
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		65
7.5 Expert Testimony		65
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		65
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		66
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		66
8. Settlement		66
8.1 Court Approval		66
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		67
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		67
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		67
9. Damages and Judgment		67
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		67
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		68
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		68
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		68
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		69
10. Appeal		69
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		69
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		70
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		70
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		70
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		70
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		71
11. Costs		71
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		71
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		71
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		71
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		72
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		72
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		72
12.3 ADR Institutions		72
13. Arbitration		72
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		72
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		73
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		73
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		74
14. Outlook		74
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		74
14.2 Growth Areas		74
1. General		85
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		85
1.2 Court System		85
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		85
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		85
2. Litigation Funding		85
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		85
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		85
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		85
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		85
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		85
2.6 Contingency Fees		85
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		85
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		86
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		86
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		86
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		86
3.4 Initial Complaint		86
3.5 Rules of Service		86
3.6 Failure to Respond		86
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		86
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		86
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		87
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		87
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		87
4.3 Dispositive Motions		87
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		87
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		87
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		87
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		88
5. Discovery		88
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		88
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		88
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		88
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		88
5.5 Legal Privilege		88
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		88
6. Injunctive Relief		88
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		88
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		89
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		89
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		89
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		89
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		89
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		89
7. Trials and Hearings		89
7.1 Trial Proceedings		89
7.2 Case Management Hearings		89
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		90
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		90
7.5 Expert Testimony		90
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		90
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		90
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		90
8. Settlement		90
8.1 Court Approval		90
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		90
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		91
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		91
9. Damages and Judgment		91
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		91
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		91
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		91
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		91
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		91
10. Appeal		92
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		92
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		92
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		92
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		92
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		92
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		92
11. Costs		92
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		92
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		93
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		93
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		93
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		93
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		93
12.3 ADR Institutions		93
13. Arbitration		93
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		93
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		93
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		93
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		93
14. Outlook		94
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		94
14.2 Growth Areas		94
1. General		106
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		106
1.2 Court System		106
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		106
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		107
2. Litigation Funding		107
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		107
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		107
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		107
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		108
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		108
2.6 Contingency Fees		108
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		108
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		108
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		108
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		109
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		109
3.4 Initial Complaint		109
3.5 Rules of Service		110
3.6 Failure to Respond		110
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		110
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		110
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		110
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		110
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		111
4.3 Dispositive Motions		111
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		111
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		111
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		111
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		111
5. Discovery		111
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		111
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		111
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		112
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		112
5.5 Legal Privilege		112
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		112
6. Injunctive Relief		112
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		112
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		112
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		112
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		112
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		112
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		113
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		113
7. Trials and Hearings		113
7.1 Trial Proceedings		113
7.2 Case Management Hearings		113
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		113
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		113
7.5 Expert Testimony		113
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		113
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		114
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		114
8. Settlement		114
8.1 Court Approval		114
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		114
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		114
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		114
9. Damages and Judgment		114
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		114
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		115
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		115
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		115
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		115
10. Appeal		115
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		115
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		115
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		116
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		116
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		116
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		116
11. Costs		116
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		116
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		116
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		116
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		116
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		116
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		117
12.3 ADR Institutions		117
13. Arbitration		117
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		117
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		117
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		117
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		118
14. Outlook		118
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		118
14.2 Growth Areas		118
1. General		124
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		124
1.2 Court System		124
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		124
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		125
2. Litigation Funding		125
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		125
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		125
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		125
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		126
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		126
2.6 Contingency Fees		126
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		126
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		126
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		126
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		126
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		126
3.4 Initial Complaint		127
3.5 Rules of Service		127
3.6 Failure to Respond		127
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		127
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		128
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		128
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		128
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		128
4.3 Dispositive Motions		128
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		129
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		129
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		129
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		130
5. Discovery		130
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		130
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		130
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		131
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		131
5.5 Legal Privilege		131
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		131
6. Injunctive Relief		131
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		131
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		132
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		132
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		132
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		133
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		133
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		133
7. Trials and Hearings		133
7.1 Trial Proceedings		133
7.2 Case Management Hearings		133
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		133
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		134
7.5 Expert Testimony		134
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		134
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		134
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		134
8. Settlement		135
8.1 Court Approval		135
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		135
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		135
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		135
9. Damages and Judgment		135
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		135
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		136
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		136
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		136
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		137
10. Appeal		138
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		138
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		138
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		138
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		138
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		139
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		139
11. Costs		139
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		139
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		140
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		140
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		140
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		140
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		140
12.3 ADR Institutions		140
13. Arbitration		140
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		140
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		141
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		141
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		141
14. Outlook		141
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		141
14.2 Growth Areas		142
1. General		147
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		147
1.2 Court System		147
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		147
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		148
2. Litigation Funding		148
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		148
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		148
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		148
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		148
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		148
2.6 Contingency Fees		148
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		148
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		148
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		148
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		149
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		149
3.4 Initial Complaint		149
3.5 Rules of Service		150
3.6 Failure to Respond		150
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		150
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		151
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		151
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		151
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		151
4.3 Dispositive Motions		151
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		151
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		152
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		152
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		152
5. Discovery		152
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		152
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		152
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		153
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		153
5.5 Legal Privilege		153
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		153
6. Injunctive Relief		153
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		153
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		153
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		154
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		154
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		154
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		154
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		154
7. Trials and Hearings		154
7.1 Trial Proceedings		154
7.2 Case Management Hearings		155
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		155
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		155
7.5 Expert Testimony		155
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		155
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		155
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		155
8. Settlement		156
8.1 Court Approval		156
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		156
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		156
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		156
9. Damages and Judgment		156
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		156
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		156
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		156
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		157
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		157
10. Appeal		157
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		157
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		157
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		158
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		158
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		158
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		158
11. Costs		158
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		158
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		158
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		159
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		159
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		159
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		159
12.3 ADR Institutions		159
13. Arbitration		159
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		159
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		159
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		160
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		160
14. Outlook		161
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		161
14.2 Growth Areas		162
1. General		167
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		167
1.2 Court System		167
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		167
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		167
2. Litigation Funding		167
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		167
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		168
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		168
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		168
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		168
2.6 Contingency Fees		168
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		168
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		168
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		168
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		168
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		169
3.4 Initial Complaint		169
3.5 Rules of Service		169
3.6 Failure to Respond		170
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		170
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		170
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		171
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		171
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		171
4.3 Dispositive Motions		171
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		171
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		172
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		172
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		172
5. Discovery		172
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		172
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		173
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		173
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		174
5.5 Legal Privilege		174
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		174
6. Injunctive Relief		174
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		174
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		174
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		175
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		175
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		175
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		175
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		175
7. Trials and Hearings		175
7.1 Trial Proceedings		175
7.2 Case Management Hearings		176
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		176
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		176
7.5 Expert Testimony		176
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		176
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		177
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		177
8. Settlement		177
8.1 Court Approval		177
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		178
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		178
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		178
9. Damages and Judgment		178
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		178
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		179
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		179
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		179
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		180
10. Appeal		180
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		180
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		180
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		181
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		181
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		181
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		181
11. Costs		181
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		181
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		181
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		181
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		182
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		182
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		182
12.3 ADR Institutions		182
13. Arbitration		183
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		183
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		183
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		183
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		184
14. Outlook		184
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		184
14.2 Growth Areas		184
1. General		197
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		197
1.2 Court System		197
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		198
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		198
2. Litigation Funding		199
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		199
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		199
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		199
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		199
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		199
2.6 Contingency Fees		199
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		199
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		200
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		200
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		200
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		200
3.4 Initial Complaint		202
3.5 Rules of Service		202
3.6 Failure to Respond		202
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		202
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		203
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		203
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		203
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		203
4.3 Dispositive Motions		204
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		204
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		204
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		204
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		204
5. Discovery		205
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		205
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		205
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		206
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		206
5.5 Legal Privilege		206
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		206
6. Injunctive Relief		207
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		207
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		207
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		207
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		208
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		208
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		208
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		208
7. Trials and Hearings		208
7.1 Trial Proceedings		208
7.2 Case Management Hearings		209
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		209
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		209
7.5 Expert Testimony		209
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		209
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		210
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		210
8. Settlement		210
8.1 Court Approval		210
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		211
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		211
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		211
9. Damages and Judgment		211
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		211
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		212
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		212
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		212
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		212
10. Appeal		213
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		213
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		213
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		214
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		214
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		214
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		214
11. Costs		215
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		215
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		215
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		216
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		216
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		216
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		216
12.3 ADR Institutions		216
13. Arbitration		216
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		216
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		216
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		217
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		217
14. Outlook		218
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		218
14.2 Growth Areas		218
1. General		224
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		224
1.2 Court System		224
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		224
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		225
2. Litigation Funding		225
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		225
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		226
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		226
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		226
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		226
2.6 Contingency Fees		226
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		226
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		226
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		226
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		226
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		227
3.4 Initial Complaint		227
3.5 Rules of Service		227
3.6 Failure to Respond		227
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		228
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		228
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		228
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		228
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		229
4.3 Dispositive Motions		229
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		229
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		230
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		230
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		230
5. Discovery		230
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		230
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		230
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		231
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		231
5.5 Legal Privilege		231
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		232
6. Injunctive Relief		232
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		232
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		232
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		232
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		233
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		233
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		233
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		233
7. Trials and Hearings		234
7.1 Trial Proceedings		234
7.2 Case Management Hearings		234
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		234
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		235
7.5 Expert Testimony		235
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		235
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		235
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		236
8. Settlement		236
8.1 Court Approval		236
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		236
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		236
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		237
9. Damages and Judgment		237
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		237
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		237
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		238
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		238
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		238
10. Appeal		239
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		239
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		239
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		239
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		239
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		239
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		239
11. Costs		240
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		240
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		240
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		240
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		240
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		240
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		240
12.3 ADR Institutions		241
13. Arbitration		241
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		241
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		241
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		241
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		241
14. Outlook		242
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		242
14.2 Growth Areas		242
1. General		257
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		257
1.2 Court System		257
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		258
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		259
2. Litigation Funding		260
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		260
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		260
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		260
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		260
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		260
2.6 Contingency Fees		260
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		261
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		261
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		261
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		261
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		262
3.4 Initial Complaint		262
3.5 Rules of Service		263
3.6 Failure to Respond		264
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		265
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		265
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		265
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		265
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		265
4.3 Dispositive Motions		266
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		267
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		267
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		267
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		268
5. Discovery		269
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		269
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		269
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		269
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		269
5.5 Legal Privilege		269
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		270
6. Injunctive Relief		270
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		270
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		270
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		270
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		271
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		271
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		271
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		271
7. Trials and Hearings		271
7.1 Trial Proceedings		271
7.2 Case Management Hearings		272
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		272
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		272
7.5 Expert Testimony		272
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		273
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		273
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		273
8. Settlement		274
8.1 Court Approval		274
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		274
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		274
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		274
9. Damages and Judgment		274
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		274
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		274
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		274
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		275
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		275
10. Appeal		275
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		275
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		275
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		275
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		276
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		276
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		276
11. Costs		276
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		276
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		276
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		277
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		277
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		277
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		277
12.3 ADR Institutions		277
13. Arbitration		277
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		277
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		277
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		277
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		277
14. Outlook		278
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		278
14.2 Growth Areas		278
1. General		290
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		290
1.2 Court System		290
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		290
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		291
2. Litigation Funding		291
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		291
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		291
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		291
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		291
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		291
2.6 Contingency Fees		291
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		292
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		292
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		292
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		292
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		292
3.4 Initial Complaint		293
3.5 Rules of Service		293
3.6 Failure to Respond		293
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		294
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		294
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		294
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		294
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		295
4.3 Dispositive Motions		295
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		296
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		296
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		296
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		296
5. Discovery		296
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		296
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		296
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		296
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		296
5.5 Legal Privilege		297
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		297
6. Injunctive Relief		297
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		297
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		297
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		297
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		297
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		297
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		298
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		298
7. Trials and Hearings		298
7.1 Trial Proceedings		298
7.2 Case Management Hearings		298
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		299
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		299
7.5 Expert Testimony		299
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		299
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		299
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		300
8. Settlement		300
8.1 Court Approval		300
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		300
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		300
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		301
9. Damages and Judgment		301
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		301
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		301
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		301
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		302
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		302
10. Appeal		302
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		302
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		302
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		303
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		303
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		303
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		303
11. Costs		303
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		303
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		304
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		304
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		304
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		304
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		304
12.3 ADR Institutions		304
13. Arbitration		305
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		305
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		305
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		305
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		305
14. Outlook		306
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		306
14.2 Growth Areas		306
1. General		326
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		326
1.2 Court System		326
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		327
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		327
2. Litigation Funding		328
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		328
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		328
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		328
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		328
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		328
2.6 Contingency Fees		328
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		328
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		328
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		328
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		329
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		329
3.4 Initial Complaint		330
3.5 Rules of Service		330
3.6 Failure to Respond		331
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		331
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		331
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		331
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		331
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		331
4.3 Dispositive Motions		332
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		332
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		332
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		332
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		332
5. Discovery		333
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		333
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		333
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		333
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		334
5.5 Legal Privilege		334
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		334
6. Injunctive Relief		334
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		334
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		335
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		335
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		335
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		335
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		335
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		335
7. Trials and Hearings		335
7.1 Trial Proceedings		335
7.2 Case Management Hearings		336
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		336
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		336
7.5 Expert Testimony		336
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		337
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		337
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		337
8. Settlement		337
8.1 Court Approval		337
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		338
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		338
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		338
9. Damages and Judgment		338
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		338
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		338
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		338
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		339
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		339
10. Appeal		339
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		339
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		340
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		340
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		340
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		340
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		340
11. Costs		340
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		340
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		341
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		341
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		341
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		341
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		341
12.3 ADR Institutions		341
13. Arbitration		341
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		341
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		341
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		342
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		342
14. Outlook		342
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		342
14.2 Growth Areas		342
1. General		355
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		355
1.2 Court System		355
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		356
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		356
2. Litigation Funding		357
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		357
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		357
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		357
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		357
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		357
2.6 Contingency Fees		357
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		357
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		357
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		357
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		358
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		358
3.4 Initial Complaint		358
3.5 Rules of Service		359
3.6 Failure to Respond		359
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		359
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		360
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		360
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		360
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		360
4.3 Dispositive Motions		360
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		361
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		361
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		361
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		361
5. Discovery		361
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		361
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		362
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		362
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		362
5.5 Legal Privilege		362
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		363
6. Injunctive Relief		363
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		363
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		363
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		363
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		363
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		363
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		363
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		363
7. Trials and Hearings		364
7.1 Trial Proceedings		364
7.2 Case Management Hearings		364
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		364
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		364
7.5 Expert Testimony		365
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		365
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		366
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		366
8. Settlement		366
8.1 Court Approval		366
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		366
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		366
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		367
9. Damages and Judgment		367
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		367
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		367
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		367
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		368
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		368
10. Appeal		368
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		368
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		368
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		368
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		369
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		369
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		369
11. Costs		369
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		369
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		370
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		370
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		370
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		370
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		370
12.3 ADR Institutions		370
13. Arbitration		371
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		371
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		371
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		371
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		372
14. Outlook		372
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		372
14.2 Growth Areas		372
1. General		385
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		385
1.2 Court System		385
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		386
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		386
2. Litigation Funding		387
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		387
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		387
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		387
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		387
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		387
2.6 Contingency Fees		387
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		387
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		387
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		387
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		388
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		389
3.4 Initial Complaint		390
3.5 Rules of Service		390
3.6 Failure to Respond		391
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		391
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		391
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		391
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		391
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		392
4.3 Dispositive Motions		392
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		392
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		392
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		392
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		392
5. Discovery		393
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		393
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		393
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		393
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		393
5.5 Legal Privilege		393
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		393
6. Injunctive Relief		393
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		393
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		394
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		394
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		394
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		394
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		394
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		394
7. Trials and Hearings		394
7.1 Trial Proceedings		394
7.2 Case Management Hearings		395
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		395
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		395
7.5 Expert Testimony		396
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		396
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		396
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		396
8. Settlement		396
8.1 Court Approval		396
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		396
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		397
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		397
9. Damages and Judgment		397
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		397
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		397
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		398
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		398
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		398
10. Appeal		399
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		399
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		399
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		400
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		400
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		400
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		401
11. Costs		401
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		401
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		401
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		402
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		402
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		402
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		402
12.3 ADR Institutions		403
13. Arbitration		403
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		403
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		403
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		404
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		404
14. Outlook		405
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		405
14.2 Growth Areas		405
1. General		410
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		410
1.2 Court System		410
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		411
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		411
2. Litigation Funding		412
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		412
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		412
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		413
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		413
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		413
2.6 Contingency Fees		413
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		413
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		414
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		414
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		414
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		414
3.4 Initial Complaint		415
3.5 Rules of Service		415
3.6 Failure to Respond		416
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		416
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		417
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		417
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		417
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		417
4.3 Dispositive Motions		418
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		418
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		418
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		418
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		419
5. Discovery		419
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		419
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		419
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		420
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		420
5.5 Legal Privilege		420
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		420
6. Injunctive Relief		420
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		420
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		421
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		421
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		421
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		421
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		421
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		422
7. Trials and Hearings		422
7.1 Trial Proceedings		422
7.2 Case Management Hearings		422
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		422
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		422
7.5 Expert Testimony		422
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		423
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		423
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		423
8. Settlement		423
8.1 Court Approval		423
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		423
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		424
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		424
9. Damages and Judgment		424
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		424
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		424
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		424
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		424
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		425
10. Appeal		425
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		425
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		425
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		426
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		426
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		426
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		426
11. Costs		426
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		426
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		427
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		427
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		427
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		427
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		427
12.3 ADR Institutions		428
13. Arbitration		428
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		428
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		428
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		428
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		429
14. Outlook		429
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		429
14.2 Growth Areas		429
1. General		441
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		441
1.2 Court System		441
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		442
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		442
2. Litigation Funding		442
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		442
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		443
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		443
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		443
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		443
2.6 Contingency Fees		444
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		444
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		444
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		444
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		444
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		444
3.4 Initial Complaint		444
3.5 Rules of Service		445
3.6 Failure to Respond		445
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		445
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		445
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		445
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		445
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		446
4.3 Dispositive Motions		446
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		446
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		446
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		446
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		447
5. Discovery		447
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		447
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		447
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		447
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		447
5.5 Legal Privilege		448
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		448
6. Injunctive Relief		448
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		448
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		449
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		449
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		450
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		450
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		450
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		450
7. Trials and Hearings		450
7.1 Trial Proceedings		450
7.2 Case Management Hearings		451
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		451
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		451
7.5 Expert Testimony		451
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		451
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		452
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		452
8. Settlement		452
8.1 Court Approval		452
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		452
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		452
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		452
9. Damages and Judgment		452
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		452
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		453
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		453
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		453
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		454
10. Appeal		454
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		454
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		454
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		454
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		455
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		455
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		455
11. Costs		455
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		455
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		456
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		456
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		456
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		456
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		457
12.3 ADR Institutions		457
13. Arbitration		458
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		458
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		458
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		458
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		459
14. Outlook		459
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		459
14.2 Growth Areas		459
1. General		472
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		472
1.2 Court System		472
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		473
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		473
2. Litigation Funding		473
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		473
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		474
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		474
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		474
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		474
2.6 Contingency Fees		474
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		475
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		475
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		475
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		475
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		475
3.4 Initial Complaint		476
3.5 Rules of Service		476
3.6 Failure to Respond		477
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		477
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		478
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		479
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		479
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		479
4.3 Dispositive Motions		479
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		479
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		480
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		480
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		480
5. Discovery		480
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		480
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		481
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		481
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		481
5.5 Legal Privilege		481
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		481
6. Injunctive Relief		482
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		482
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		482
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		482
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		483
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		483
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		483
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		483
7. Trials and Hearings		483
7.1 Trial Proceedings		483
7.2 Case Management Hearings		484
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		484
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		484
7.5 Expert Testimony		485
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		485
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		485
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		486
8. Settlement		486
8.1 Court Approval		486
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		486
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		486
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		486
9. Damages and Judgment		486
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		486
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		487
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		487
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		487
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		488
10. Appeal		488
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		488
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		488
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		489
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		489
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		489
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		489
11. Costs		490
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		490
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		490
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		490
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		490
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		490
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		490
12.3 ADR Institutions		490
13. Arbitration		491
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		491
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		491
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		491
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		491
14. Outlook		492
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		492
14.2 Growth Areas		493
1. General		498
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		498
1.2 Court System		499
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		500
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		500
2. Litigation Funding		501
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		501
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		501
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		501
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		501
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		501
2.6 Contingency Fees		501
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		501
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		501
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		501
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		502
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		503
3.4 Initial Complaint		503
3.5 Rules of Service		504
3.6 Failure to Respond		504
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		504
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		505
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		505
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		505
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		505
4.3 Dispositive Motions		505
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		505
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		506
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		506
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		506
5. Discovery		506
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		506
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		507
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		507
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		507
5.5 Legal Privilege		507
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		508
6. Injunctive Relief		508
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		508
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		508
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		509
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		509
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		509
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		509
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		509
7. Trials and Hearings		509
7.1 Trial Proceedings		509
7.2 Case Management Hearings		510
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		510
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		510
7.5 Expert Testimony		511
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		511
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		511
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		511
8. Settlement		512
8.1 Court Approval		512
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		512
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		512
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		512
9. Damages and Judgment		513
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		513
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		513
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		513
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		513
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		514
10. Appeal		514
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		514
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		515
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		515
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		515
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		516
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		516
11. Costs		516
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		516
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		516
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		517
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		517
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		517
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		517
12.3 ADR Institutions		517
13. Arbitration		518
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		518
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		519
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		519
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		520
14. Outlook		520
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		520
14.2 Growth Areas		521
1. General		526
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		526
1.2 Court System		526
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		528
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		528
2. Litigation Funding		528
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		528
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		528
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		528
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		529
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		529
2.6 Contingency Fees		529
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		529
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		529
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		529
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		529
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		530
3.4 Initial Complaint		530
3.5 Rules of Service		530
3.6 Failure to Respond		531
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		531
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		531
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		532
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		532
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		532
4.3 Dispositive Motions		532
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		532
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		533
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		533
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		533
5. Discovery		534
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		534
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		534
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		534
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		535
5.5 Legal Privilege		535
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		535
6. Injunctive Relief		536
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		536
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		536
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		537
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		537
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		537
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		537
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		537
7. Trials and Hearings		537
7.1 Trial Proceedings		537
7.2 Case Management Hearings		537
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		538
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		538
7.5 Expert Testimony		538
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		538
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		538
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		538
8. Settlement		538
8.1 Court Approval		538
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		539
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		539
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		539
9. Damages and Judgment		539
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		539
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		539
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		539
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		540
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		540
10. Appeal		540
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		540
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		540
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		541
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		541
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		541
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		542
11. Costs		542
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		542
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		542
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		543
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		543
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		543
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		543
12.3 ADR Institutions		543
13. Arbitration		543
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		543
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		543
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		543
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		544
14. Outlook		544
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		544
14.2 Growth Areas		544
1. General		549
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		549
1.2 Court System		549
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		550
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		550
2. Litigation Funding		550
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		550
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		551
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		551
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		551
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		551
2.6 Contingency Fees		551
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		551
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		551
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		551
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		552
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		552
3.4 Initial Complaint		553
3.5 Rules of Service		555
3.6 Failure to Respond		555
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		555
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		556
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		556
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		556
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		557
4.3 Dispositive Motions		557
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		557
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		558
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		558
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		558
5. Discovery		559
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		559
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		559
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		559
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		560
5.5 Legal Privilege		560
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		561
6. Injunctive Relief		561
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		561
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		562
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		562
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		563
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		563
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		563
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		563
7. Trials and Hearings		563
7.1 Trial Proceedings		563
7.2 Case Management Hearings		564
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		564
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		564
7.5 Expert Testimony		565
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		565
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		565
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		566
8. Settlement		566
8.1 Court Approval		566
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		566
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		566
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		566
9. Damages and Judgment		567
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		567
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		567
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		568
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		568
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		568
10. Appeal		569
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		569
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		570
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		570
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		571
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		572
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		572
11. Costs		573
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		573
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		573
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		574
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		574
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		574
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		574
12.3 ADR Institutions		575
13. Arbitration		575
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		575
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		575
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		576
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		576
14. Outlook		577
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		577
14.2 Growth Areas		577
1. General		591
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		591
1.2 Court System		591
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		592
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		592
2. Litigation Funding		592
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		592
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		593
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		593
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		593
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		593
2.6 Contingency Fees		593
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		593
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		593
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		593
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		594
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		594
3.4 Initial Complaint		594
3.5 Rules of Service		594
3.6 Failure to Respond		595
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		595
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		595
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		595
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		595
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		595
4.3 Dispositive Motions		596
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		596
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		596
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		596
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		596
5. Discovery		597
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		597
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		597
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		597
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		598
5.5 Legal Privilege		598
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		598
6. Injunctive Relief		598
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		598
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		599
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		599
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		599
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		599
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		599
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		599
7. Trials and Hearings		599
7.1 Trial Proceedings		599
7.2 Case Management Hearings		599
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		600
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		600
7.5 Expert Testimony		600
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		600
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		600
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		601
8. Settlement		601
8.1 Court Approval		601
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		601
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		601
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		602
9. Damages and Judgment		602
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		602
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		603
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		603
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		604
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		604
10. Appeal		604
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		604
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		605
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		605
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		605
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		606
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		606
11. Costs		606
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		606
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		607
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		607
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		607
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		607
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		608
12.3 ADR Institutions		608
13. Arbitration		608
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		608
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		609
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		609
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		610
14. Outlook		611
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		611
14.2 Growth Areas		611
1. General		625
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		625
1.2 Court System		625
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		626
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		626
2. Litigation Funding		626
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		626
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		627
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		627
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		627
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		627
2.6 Contingency Fees		627
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		627
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		627
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		627
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		627
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		628
3.4 Initial Complaint		628
3.5 Rules of Service		628
3.6 Failure to Respond		629
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		629
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		630
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		630
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		630
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		630
4.3 Dispositive Motions		630
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		630
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		631
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		631
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		631
5. Discovery		631
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		631
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		632
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		632
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		632
5.5 Legal Privilege		632
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		632
6. Injunctive Relief		632
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		632
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		633
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		633
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		633
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		633
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		634
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		634
7. Trials and Hearings		634
7.1 Trial Proceedings		634
7.2 Case Management Hearings		635
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		635
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		635
7.5 Expert Testimony		636
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		636
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		636
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		637
8. Settlement		637
8.1 Court Approval		637
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		637
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		637
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		638
9. Damages and Judgment		638
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		638
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		639
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		639
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		639
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		640
10. Appeal		640
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		640
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		640
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		640
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		641
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		641
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		641
11. Costs		641
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		641
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		641
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		641
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		642
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		642
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		642
12.3 ADR Institutions		642
13. Arbitration		642
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		642
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		643
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		643
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		643
14. Outlook		643
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		643
14.2 Growth Areas		643
1. General		657
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		657
1.2 Court System		657
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		657
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		657
2. Litigation Funding		657
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		657
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		658
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		658
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		658
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		658
2.6 Contingency Fees		658
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		658
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		658
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		658
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		659
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		659
3.4 Initial Complaint		659
3.5 Rules of Service		660
3.6 Failure to Respond		660
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		660
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		661
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		661
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		661
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		661
4.3 Dispositive Motions		662
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		662
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		662
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		662
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		662
5. Discovery		663
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		663
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		663
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		663
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		663
5.5 Legal Privilege		664
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		665
6. Injunctive Relief		665
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		665
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		666
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		666
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		666
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		666
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		666
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		666
7. Trials and Hearings		666
7.1 Trial Proceedings		666
7.2 Case Management Hearings		667
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		667
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		668
7.5 Expert Testimony		668
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		668
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		668
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		669
8. Settlement		669
8.1 Court Approval		669
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		669
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		669
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		669
9. Damages and Judgment		669
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		669
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		670
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		670
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		671
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		671
10. Appeal		672
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		672
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		672
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		673
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		674
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		674
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		674
11. Costs		674
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		674
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		675
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		675
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		675
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		675
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		675
12.3 ADR Institutions		675
13. Arbitration		675
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		675
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		675
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		676
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		676
14. Outlook		677
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		677
14.2 Growth Areas		677
1. General		692
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		692
1.2 Court System		692
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		692
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		693
2. Litigation Funding		693
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		693
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		693
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		693
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		693
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		693
2.6 Contingency Fees		693
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		693
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		693
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		693
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		694
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		694
3.4 Initial Complaint		694
3.5 Rules of Service		694
3.6 Failure to Respond		694
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		694
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		695
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		695
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		695
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		695
4.3 Dispositive Motions		695
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		695
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		696
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		696
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		696
5. Discovery		696
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		696
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		696
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		696
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		697
5.5 Legal Privilege		697
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		697
6. Injunctive Relief		697
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		697
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		697
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		698
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		698
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		698
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		698
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		698
7. Trials and Hearings		698
7.1 Trial Proceedings		698
7.2 Case Management Hearings		699
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		699
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		699
7.5 Expert Testimony		699
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		699
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		699
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		699
8. Settlement		700
8.1 Court Approval		700
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		700
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		700
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		700
9. Damages and Judgment		700
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		700
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		701
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		701
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		701
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		701
10. Appeal		702
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		702
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		702
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		702
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		702
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		703
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		703
11. Costs		703
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		703
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		703
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		703
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		704
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		704
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		704
12.3 ADR Institutions		704
13. Arbitration		704
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		704
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		704
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		705
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		705
14. Outlook		705
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		705
14.2 Growth Areas		706
1. General		721
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		721
1.2 Court System		721
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		722
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		722
2. Litigation Funding		722
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		722
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		723
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		723
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		723
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		723
2.6 Contingency Fees		723
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		723
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		723
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		723
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		724
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		724
3.4 Initial Complaint		724
3.5 Rules of Service		725
3.6 Failure to Respond		726
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		726
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		726
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		726
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		726
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		726
4.3 Dispositive Motions		727
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		727
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		728
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		728
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		728
5. Discovery		729
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		729
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		730
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		730
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		730
5.5 Legal Privilege		730
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		731
6. Injunctive Relief		731
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		731
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		731
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		731
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		732
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		732
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		732
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		732
7. Trials and Hearings		732
7.1 Trial Proceedings		732
7.2 Case Management Hearings		733
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		733
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		733
7.5 Expert Testimony		733
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		734
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		734
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		734
8. Settlement		734
8.1 Court Approval		734
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		734
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		734
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		734
9. Damages and Judgment		735
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		735
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		735
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		735
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		736
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		736
10. Appeal		736
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		736
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		737
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		737
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		737
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		737
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		738
11. Costs		738
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		738
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		738
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		738
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		738
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		738
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		739
12.3 ADR Institutions		739
13. Arbitration		739
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		739
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		739
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		739
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		740
14. Outlook		740
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		740
14.2 Growth Areas		740
1. General		745
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		745
1.2 Court System		745
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		746
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		746
2. Litigation Funding		746
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		746
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		746
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		746
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		746
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		746
2.6 Contingency Fees		746
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		747
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		747
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		747
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		747
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		748
3.4 Initial Complaint		748
3.5 Rules of Service		749
3.6 Failure to Respond		749
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		749
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		749
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		749
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		749
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		750
4.3 Dispositive Motions		750
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		750
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		751
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		751
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		751
5. Discovery		751
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		751
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		752
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		752
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		752
5.5 Legal Privilege		752
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		752
6. Injunctive Relief		753
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		753
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		753
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		753
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		753
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		754
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		754
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		754
7. Trials and Hearings		754
7.1 Trial Proceedings		754
7.2 Case Management Hearings		755
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		755
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		755
7.5 Expert Testimony		755
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		755
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		756
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		756
8. Settlement		756
8.1 Court Approval		756
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		757
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		757
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		757
9. Damages and Judgment		757
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		757
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		758
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		758
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		758
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		758
10. Appeal		759
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		759
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		759
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		759
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		760
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		760
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		760
11. Costs		761
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		761
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		761
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		761
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		761
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		761
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		762
12.3 ADR Institutions		762
13. Arbitration		762
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		762
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		763
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		763
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		763
14. Outlook		764
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		764
14.2 Growth Areas		765
1. General		771
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		771
1.2 Court System		771
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		772
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		772
2. Litigation Funding		773
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		773
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		773
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		773
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		773
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		773
2.6 Contingency Fees		773
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		773
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		773
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		773
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		774
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		774
3.4 Initial Complaint		775
3.5 Rules of Service		776
3.6 Failure to Respond		776
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		776
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		776
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		777
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		777
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		777
4.3 Dispositive Motions		777
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		778
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		778
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		778
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		778
5. Discovery		778
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		778
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		779
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		779
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		779
5.5 Legal Privilege		779
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		780
6. Injunctive Relief		780
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		780
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		780
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		780
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		780
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		781
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		781
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		781
7. Trials and Hearings		781
7.1 Trial Proceedings		781
7.2 Case Management Hearings		781
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		781
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		781
7.5 Expert Testimony		782
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		782
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		782
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		782
8. Settlement		783
8.1 Court Approval		783
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		783
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		783
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		783
9. Damages and Judgment		783
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		783
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		783
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		784
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		784
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		784
10. Appeal		785
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		785
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		785
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		786
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		786
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		787
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		787
11. Costs		787
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		787
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		787
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		788
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		788
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		788
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		788
12.3 ADR Institutions		788
13. Arbitration		789
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		789
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		789
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		789
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		791
14. Outlook		791
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		791
14.2 Growth Areas		791
1. General		798
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		798
1.2 Court System		798
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		798
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		799
2. Litigation Funding		799
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		799
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		799
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		799
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		799
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		799
2.6 Contingency Fees		800
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		800
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		800
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		800
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		800
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		800
3.4 Initial Complaint		801
3.5 Rules of Service		801
3.6 Failure to Respond		801
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		802
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		802
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		802
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		802
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		802
4.3 Dispositive Motions		803
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		803
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		803
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		804
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		804
5. Discovery		804
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		804
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		804
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		804
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		805
5.5 Legal Privilege		805
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		805
6. Injunctive Relief		805
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		805
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		806
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		806
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		806
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		807
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		807
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		807
7. Trials and Hearings		807
7.1 Trial Proceedings		807
7.2 Case Management Hearings		808
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		808
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		808
7.5 Expert Testimony		808
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		809
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		809
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		809
8. Settlement		810
8.1 Court Approval		810
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		810
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		810
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		810
9. Damages and Judgment		810
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		810
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		810
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		811
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		811
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		811
10. Appeal		811
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		811
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		811
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		812
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		812
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		812
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		812
11. Costs		812
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		812
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		813
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		813
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		813
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		813
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		813
12.3 ADR Institutions		813
13. Arbitration		814
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		814
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		814
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		814
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		815
14. Outlook		815
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		815
14.2 Growth Areas		815
1. General		826
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		826
1.2 Court System		826
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		827
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		827
2. Litigation Funding		828
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		828
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		828
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		828
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		828
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		828
2.6 Contingency Fees		828
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		828
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		828
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		828
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		828
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		829
3.4 Initial Complaint		829
3.5 Rules of Service		829
3.6 Failure to Respond		830
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		830
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		830
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		830
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		830
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		830
4.3 Dispositive Motions		830
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		830
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		831
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		831
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		831
5. Discovery		831
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		831
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		831
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		832
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		832
5.5 Legal Privilege		832
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		832
6. Injunctive Relief		832
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		832
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		833
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		833
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		833
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		833
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		833
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		833
7. Trials and Hearings		834
7.1 Trial Proceedings		834
7.2 Case Management Hearings		834
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		834
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		834
7.5 Expert Testimony		834
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		835
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		835
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		835
8. Settlement		835
8.1 Court Approval		835
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		835
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		835
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		835
9. Damages and Judgment		835
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		835
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		835
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		836
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		836
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		836
10. Appeal		836
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		836
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		836
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		837
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		837
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		837
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		837
11. Costs		837
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		837
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		837
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		838
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		838
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		838
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		838
12.3 ADR Institutions		838
13. Arbitration		838
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		838
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		839
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		839
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		839
14. Outlook		840
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		840
14.2 Growth Areas		840
1. General		845
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		845
1.2 Court System		846
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		847
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		847
2. Litigation Funding		848
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		848
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		848
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		848
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		848
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		848
2.6 Contingency Fees		848
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		848
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		848
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		848
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		849
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		849
3.4 Initial Complaint		849
3.5 Rules of Service		849
3.6 Failure to Respond		850
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		850
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		850
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		850
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		850
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		851
4.3 Dispositive Motions		851
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		851
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		851
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		851
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		852
5. Discovery		852
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		852
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		852
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		853
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		853
5.5 Legal Privilege		853
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		853
6. Injunctive Relief		854
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		854
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		854
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		854
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		855
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		855
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		855
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		855
7. Trials and Hearings		855
7.1 Trial Proceedings		855
7.2 Case Management Hearings		856
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		856
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		856
7.5 Expert Testimony		856
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		856
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		857
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		857
8. Settlement		857
8.1 Court Approval		857
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		857
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		858
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		858
9. Damages and Judgment		858
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		858
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		858
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		859
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		859
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		860
10. Appeal		860
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		860
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		861
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		861
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		861
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		862
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		862
11. Costs		862
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		862
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		862
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		862
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		863
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		863
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		863
12.3 ADR Institutions		863
13. Arbitration		863
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		863
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		864
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		864
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		864
14. Outlook		865
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		865
14.2 Growth Areas		865
1. General		880
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		880
1.2 Court System		880
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		880
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		880
2. Litigation Funding		881
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		881
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		881
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		881
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		881
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		881
2.6 Contingency Fees		881
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		881
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		881
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		881
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		881
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		882
3.4 Initial Complaint		882
3.5 Rules of Service		882
3.6 Failure to Respond		882
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		883
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		883
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		883
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		883
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		883
4.3 Dispositive Motions		883
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		884
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		884
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		884
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		884
5. Discovery		885
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		885
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		885
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		885
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		886
5.5 Legal Privilege		886
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		886
6. Injunctive Relief		886
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		886
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		887
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		887
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		887
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		888
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		888
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		888
7. Trials and Hearings		888
7.1 Trial Proceedings		888
7.2 Case Management Hearings		888
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		889
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		889
7.5 Expert Testimony		889
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		889
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		890
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		890
8. Settlement		890
8.1 Court Approval		890
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		891
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		891
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		891
9. Damages and Judgment		891
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		891
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		891
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		892
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		892
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		892
10. Appeal		894
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		894
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		894
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		894
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		895
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		895
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		895
11. Costs		895
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		895
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		895
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		896
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		896
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		896
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		896
12.3 ADR Institutions		897
13. Arbitration		897
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		897
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		897
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		897
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		897
14. Outlook		898
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		898
14.2 Growth Areas		898
1. General		911
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		911
1.2 Court System		911
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		913
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		913
2. Litigation Funding		914
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		914
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		914
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		914
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		914
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		914
2.6 Contingency Fees		914
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		914
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		915
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		915
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		915
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		915
3.4 Initial Complaint		916
3.5 Rules of Service		916
3.6 Failure to Respond		917
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		917
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		917
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		917
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		917
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		919
4.3 Dispositive Motions		919
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		920
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		920
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		920
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		920
5. Discovery		920
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		920
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		921
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		921
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		921
5.5 Legal Privilege		921
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		921
6. Injunctive Relief		922
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		922
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		922
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		922
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		922
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		922
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		923
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		923
7. Trials and Hearings		923
7.1 Trial Proceedings		923
7.2 Case Management Hearings		923
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		923
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		923
7.5 Expert Testimony		923
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		923
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		924
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		924
8. Settlement		924
8.1 Court Approval		924
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		924
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		924
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		924
9. Damages and Judgment		924
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		924
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		925
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		925
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		925
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		925
10. Appeal		927
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		927
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		927
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		927
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		928
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		928
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		928
11. Costs		929
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		929
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		929
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		929
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		929
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		929
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		929
12.3 ADR Institutions		929
13. Arbitration		930
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		930
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		930
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		930
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		931
14. Outlook		931
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		931
14.2 Growth Areas		931
1. General		937
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		937
1.2 Court System		937
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		938
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		938
2. Litigation Funding		939
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		939
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		939
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		939
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		939
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		939
2.6 Contingency Fees		939
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		939
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		939
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		939
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		939
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		940
3.4 Initial Complaint		941
3.5 Rules of Service		941
3.6 Failure to Respond		941
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		942
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		942
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		942
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		942
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		942
4.3 Dispositive Motions		942
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		943
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		943
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		943
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		943
5. Discovery		944
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		944
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		944
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		944
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		944
5.5 Legal Privilege		944
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		944
6. Injunctive Relief		944
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		944
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		945
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		945
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		945
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		946
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		946
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		946
7. Trials and Hearings		946
7.1 Trial Proceedings		946
7.2 Case Management Hearings		946
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		946
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		946
7.5 Expert Testimony		947
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		947
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		947
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		947
8. Settlement		947
8.1 Court Approval		947
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		948
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		948
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		948
9. Damages and Judgment		948
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		948
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		949
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		949
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		949
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		949
10. Appeal		950
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		950
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		950
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		950
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		951
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		952
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		952
11. Costs		952
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		952
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		953
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		953
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		953
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		953
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		953
12.3 ADR Institutions		954
13. Arbitration		954
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		954
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		954
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		954
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		955
14. Outlook		956
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		956
14.2 Growth Areas		956
1. General		962
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		962
1.2 Court System		962
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		963
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		963
2. Litigation Funding		963
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		963
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		963
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		963
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		963
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		963
2.6 Contingency Fees		963
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		963
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		964
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		964
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		964
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		964
3.4 Initial Complaint		964
3.5 Rules of Service		965
3.6 Failure to Respond		965
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		965
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		966
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		966
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		966
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		966
4.3 Dispositive Motions		966
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		966
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		966
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		966
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		966
5. Discovery		967
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		967
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		967
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		967
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		967
5.5 Legal Privilege		967
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		968
6. Injunctive Relief		968
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		968
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		968
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		968
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		968
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		968
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		969
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		969
7. Trials and Hearings		969
7.1 Trial Proceedings		969
7.2 Case Management Hearings		969
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		970
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		970
7.5 Expert Testimony		970
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		970
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		970
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		970
8. Settlement		971
8.1 Court Approval		971
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		971
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		971
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		971
9. Damages and Judgment		971
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		971
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		971
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		971
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		972
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		972
10. Appeal		972
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		972
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		973
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		973
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		973
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		973
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		973
11. Costs		973
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		973
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		974
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		974
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		974
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		974
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		974
12.3 ADR Institutions		974
13. Arbitration		974
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		974
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		975
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		975
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		976
14. Outlook		976
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		976
14.2 Growth Areas		976
1. General		990
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		990
1.2 Court System		990
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		990
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		990
2. Litigation Funding		991
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		991
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		991
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		991
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		991
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		991
2.6 Contingency Fees		991
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		991
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		991
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		991
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		991
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		991
3.4 Initial Complaint		992
3.5 Rules of Service		992
3.6 Failure to Respond		992
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		992
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		993
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		993
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		993
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		993
4.3 Dispositive Motions		993
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		993
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		993
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		994
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		994
5. Discovery		994
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		994
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		994
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		994
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		995
5.5 Legal Privilege		995
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		995
6. Injunctive Relief		995
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		995
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		995
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		995
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		996
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		996
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		996
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		996
7. Trials and Hearings		996
7.1 Trial Proceedings		996
7.2 Case Management Hearings		996
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		996
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		996
7.5 Expert Testimony		996
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		996
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		996
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		997
8. Settlement		997
8.1 Court Approval		997
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		997
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		997
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		997
9. Damages and Judgment		997
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		997
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		997
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		997
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		997
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		998
10. Appeal		998
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		998
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		998
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		998
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		999
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		999
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		999
11. Costs		999
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		999
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		999
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1000
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1000
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1000
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1000
12.3 ADR Institutions		1000
13. Arbitration		1000
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1000
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1000
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1001
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1001
14. Outlook		1002
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1002
14.2 Growth Areas		1002
1. General		1008
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1008
1.2 Court System		1008
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1009
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1009
2. Litigation Funding		1009
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1009
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1009
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1010
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1010
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1010
2.6 Contingency Fees		1010
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1010
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1010
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1010
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1010
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1011
3.4 Initial Complaint		1011
3.5 Rules of Service		1012
3.6 Failure to Respond		1012
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1012
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1014
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1014
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1014
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1014
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1014
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1014
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1015
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1015
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1015
5. Discovery		1015
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1015
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1015
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1015
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1016
5.5 Legal Privilege		1016
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1016
6. Injunctive Relief		1017
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1017
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1017
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1017
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1018
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1018
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1018
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1018
7. Trials and Hearings		1018
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1018
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1019
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1019
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1019
7.5 Expert Testimony		1019
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1019
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1020
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1020
8. Settlement		1020
8.1 Court Approval		1020
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1021
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1021
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1021
9. Damages and Judgment		1021
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1021
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1022
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1022
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1022
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1022
10. Appeal		1023
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1023
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1023
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1024
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1024
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1024
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1024
11. Costs		1025
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1025
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1025
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1025
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1025
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1025
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1025
12.3 ADR Institutions		1026
13. Arbitration		1026
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1026
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1026
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1026
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1027
14. Outlook		1028
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1028
14.2 Growth Areas		1029
1. General		1034
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1034
1.2 Court System		1034
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1035
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1036
2. Litigation Funding		1036
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1036
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1036
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1036
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1036
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1036
2.6 Contingency Fees		1036
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1037
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1037
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1037
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1037
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1037
3.4 Initial Complaint		1037
3.5 Rules of Service		1038
3.6 Failure to Respond		1038
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1038
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1039
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1039
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1039
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1039
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1039
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1039
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1040
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1040
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1040
5. Discovery		1040
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1040
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1041
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1041
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1041
5.5 Legal Privilege		1041
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1042
6. Injunctive Relief		1042
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1042
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1043
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1043
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1043
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1043
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1043
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1043
7. Trials and Hearings		1043
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1043
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1044
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1044
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1044
7.5 Expert Testimony		1044
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1045
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1045
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1045
8. Settlement		1045
8.1 Court Approval		1045
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1045
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1045
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1046
9. Damages and Judgment		1046
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1046
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1046
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1046
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1047
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1047
10. Appeal		1048
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1048
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1048
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1048
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1049
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1049
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1049
11. Costs		1049
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1049
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1050
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1050
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1050
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1050
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1050
12.3 ADR Institutions		1051
13. Arbitration		1051
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1051
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1051
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1052
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1052
14. Outlook		1052
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1052
14.2 Growth Areas		1052
1. General		1068
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1068
1.2 Court System		1068
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1069
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1069
2. Litigation Funding		1069
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1069
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1069
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1070
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1070
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1070
2.6 Contingency Fees		1070
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1070
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1070
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1070
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1071
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1071
3.4 Initial Complaint		1071
3.5 Rules of Service		1072
3.6 Failure to Respond		1072
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1073
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1073
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1074
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1074
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1074
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1074
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1075
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1075
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1075
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1075
5. Discovery		1076
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1076
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1076
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1076
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1077
5.5 Legal Privilege		1077
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1077
6. Injunctive Relief		1077
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1077
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1078
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1078
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1078
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1078
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1078
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1078
7. Trials and Hearings		1078
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1078
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1079
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1079
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1079
7.5 Expert Testimony		1079
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1080
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1080
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1080
8. Settlement		1081
8.1 Court Approval		1081
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1081
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1081
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1081
9. Damages and Judgment		1081
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1081
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1081
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1082
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1082
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1082
10. Appeal		1083
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1083
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1083
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1083
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1083
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1083
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1083
11. Costs		1084
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1084
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1084
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1084
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1084
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1084
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1084
12.3 ADR Institutions		1085
13. Arbitration		1085
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1085
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1085
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1085
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1085
14. Outlook		1086
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1086
14.2 Growth Areas		1086
1. General		1099
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1099
1.2 Court System		1099
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1099
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1100
2. Litigation Funding		1100
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1100
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1100
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1100
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1100
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1100
2.6 Contingency Fees		1100
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1101
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1101
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1101
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1101
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1101
3.4 Initial Complaint		1102
3.5 Rules of Service		1102
3.6 Failure to Respond		1102
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1102
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1102
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1103
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1103
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1103
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1104
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1104
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1104
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1104
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1104
5. Discovery		1105
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1105
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1105
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1105
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1105
5.5 Legal Privilege		1105
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1106
6. Injunctive Relief		1106
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1106
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1107
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1107
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1107
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1107
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1107
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1107
7. Trials and Hearings		1107
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1107
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1108
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1108
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1108
7.5 Expert Testimony		1109
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1109
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1109
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1110
8. Settlement		1110
8.1 Court Approval		1110
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1110
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1110
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1111
9. Damages and Judgment		1111
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1111
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1111
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1111
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1112
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1112
10. Appeal		1112
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1112
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1113
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1113
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1113
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1113
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1113
11. Costs		1114
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1114
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1114
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1114
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1114
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1114
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1114
12.3 ADR Institutions		1115
13. Arbitration		1115
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1115
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1115
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1116
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1116
14. Outlook		1117
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1117
14.2 Growth Areas		1117
1. General		1129
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1129
1.2 Court System		1129
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1129
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1129
2. Litigation Funding		1130
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1130
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1130
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1130
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1130
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1130
2.6 Contingency Fees		1130
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1130
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1130
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1130
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1130
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1131
3.4 Initial Complaint		1131
3.5 Rules of Service		1131
3.6 Failure to Respond		1132
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1132
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1132
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1132
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1132
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1132
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1133
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1133
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1134
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1134
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1134
5. Discovery		1134
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1134
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1135
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1135
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1135
5.5 Legal Privilege		1135
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1135
6. Injunctive Relief		1136
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1136
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1136
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1136
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1136
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1137
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1137
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1137
7. Trials and Hearings		1137
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1137
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1137
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1137
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1138
7.5 Expert Testimony		1138
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1138
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1138
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1139
8. Settlement		1139
8.1 Court Approval		1139
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1139
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1139
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1139
9. Damages and Judgment		1140
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1140
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1140
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1140
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1141
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1141
10. Appeal		1141
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1141
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1141
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1142
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1142
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1142
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1142
11. Costs		1142
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1142
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1143
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1143
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1143
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1143
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1143
12.3 ADR Institutions		1143
13. Arbitration		1143
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1143
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1144
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1144
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1144
14. Outlook		1144
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1144
14.2 Growth Areas		1145
1. General		1150
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1150
1.2 Court System		1150
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1151
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1151
2. Litigation Funding		1152
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1152
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1153
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1153
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1153
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1153
2.6 Contingency Fees		1153
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1153
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1153
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1153
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1154
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1154
3.4 Initial Complaint		1154
3.5 Rules of Service		1155
3.6 Failure to Respond		1156
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1156
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1156
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1157
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1157
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1157
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1157
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1157
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1158
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1158
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1158
5. Discovery		1158
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1158
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1158
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1159
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1159
5.5 Legal Privilege		1159
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1159
6. Injunctive Relief		1160
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1160
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1160
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1160
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1161
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1161
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1161
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1161
7. Trials and Hearings		1161
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1161
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1162
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1162
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1162
7.5 Expert Testimony		1162
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1163
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1163
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1163
8. Settlement		1164
8.1 Court Approval		1164
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1164
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1164
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1164
9. Damages and Judgment		1164
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1164
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1164
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1165
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1165
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1165
10. Appeal		1166
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1166
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1167
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1167
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1167
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1167
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1167
11. Costs		1168
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1168
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1168
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1168
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1168
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1168
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1169
12.3 ADR Institutions		1169
13. Arbitration		1169
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1169
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1170
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1170
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1170
14. Outlook		1170
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1170
14.2 Growth Areas		1170
1. General		1184
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1184
1.2 Court System		1184
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1185
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1185
2. Litigation Funding		1185
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1185
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1185
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1185
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1185
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1186
2.6 Contingency Fees		1186
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1186
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1186
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1186
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1186
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1186
3.4 Initial Complaint		1187
3.5 Rules of Service		1187
3.6 Failure to Respond		1187
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1188
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1188
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1188
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1188
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1188
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1189
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1189
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1189
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1189
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1189
5. Discovery		1190
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1190
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1190
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1190
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1191
5.5 Legal Privilege		1191
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1191
6. Injunctive Relief		1191
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1191
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1192
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1192
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1192
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1193
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1193
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1193
7. Trials and Hearings		1193
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1193
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1193
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1194
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1194
7.5 Expert Testimony		1194
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1194
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1195
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1195
8. Settlement		1195
8.1 Court Approval		1195
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1196
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1196
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1196
9. Damages and Judgment		1196
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1196
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1196
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1196
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1197
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1197
10. Appeal		1197
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1197
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1197
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1198
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1198
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1199
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1199
11. Costs		1199
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1199
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1199
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1200
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1200
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1200
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1200
12.3 ADR Institutions		1200
13. Arbitration		1201
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1201
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1201
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1202
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1202
14. Outlook		1202
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1202
14.2 Growth Areas		1202
1. General		1213
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1213
1.2 Court System		1213
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1214
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1215
2. Litigation Funding		1215
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1215
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1215
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1215
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1215
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1215
2.6 Contingency Fees		1215
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1215
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1215
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1215
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1215
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1217
3.4 Initial Complaint		1217
3.5 Rules of Service		1217
3.6 Failure to Respond		1217
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1217
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1218
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1218
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1218
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1218
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1218
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1218
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1218
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1218
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1218
5. Discovery		1218
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1218
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1219
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1219
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1219
5.5 Legal Privilege		1219
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1219
6. Injunctive Relief		1220
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1220
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1220
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1220
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1220
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1220
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1220
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1220
7. Trials and Hearings		1220
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1220
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1221
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1221
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1221
7.5 Expert Testimony		1221
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1221
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1221
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1222
8. Settlement		1222
8.1 Court Approval		1222
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1222
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1222
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1222
9. Damages and Judgment		1222
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1222
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1222
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1223
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1223
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1223
10. Appeal		1224
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1224
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1224
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1224
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1225
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1225
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1225
11. Costs		1225
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1225
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1225
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1225
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1226
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1226
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1226
12.3 ADR Institutions		1226
13. Arbitration		1226
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1226
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1227
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1227
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1227
14. Outlook		1228
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1228
14.2 Growth Areas		1228
1. General		1234
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1234
1.2 Court System		1234
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1235
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1235
2. Litigation Funding		1235
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1235
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1236
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1236
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1236
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1236
2.6 Contingency Fees		1236
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1236
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1236
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1236
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1237
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1237
3.4 Initial Complaint		1238
3.5 Rules of Service		1238
3.6 Failure to Respond		1238
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1238
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1239
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1239
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1239
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1240
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1241
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1241
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1241
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1241
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1241
5. Discovery		1242
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1242
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1243
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1243
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1243
5.5 Legal Privilege		1243
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1244
6. Injunctive Relief		1244
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1244
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1245
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1245
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1246
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1246
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1246
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1246
7. Trials and Hearings		1246
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1246
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1247
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1248
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1248
7.5 Expert Testimony		1248
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1249
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1249
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1249
8. Settlement		1250
8.1 Court Approval		1250
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1250
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1251
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1251
9. Damages and Judgment		1251
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1251
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1251
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1251
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1252
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1252
10. Appeal		1253
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1253
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1254
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1254
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1255
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1256
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1256
11. Costs		1256
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1256
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1257
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1257
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1257
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1257
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1257
12.3 ADR Institutions		1258
13. Arbitration		1259
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1259
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1259
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1259
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1259
14. Outlook		1260
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1260
14.2 Growth Areas		1260
1. General		1275
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1275
1.2 Court System		1275
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1276
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1276
2. Litigation Funding		1276
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1276
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1277
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1277
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1277
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1277
2.6 Contingency Fees		1277
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1277
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1277
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1277
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1277
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1278
3.4 Initial Complaint		1278
3.5 Rules of Service		1278
3.6 Failure to Respond		1279
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1279
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1280
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1280
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1280
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1280
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1280
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1280
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1281
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1281
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1281
5. Discovery		1281
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1281
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1281
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1282
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1282
5.5 Legal Privilege		1282
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1283
6. Injunctive Relief		1283
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1283
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1283
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1284
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1284
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1284
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1284
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1284
7. Trials and Hearings		1285
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1285
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1285
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1285
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1285
7.5 Expert Testimony		1286
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1286
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1286
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1286
8. Settlement		1287
8.1 Court Approval		1287
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1287
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1288
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1288
9. Damages and Judgment		1288
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1288
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1288
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1289
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1289
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1289
10. Appeal		1290
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1290
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1290
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1290
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1291
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1291
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1291
11. Costs		1291
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1291
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1291
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1291
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1291
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1291
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1292
12.3 ADR Institutions		1292
13. Arbitration		1292
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1292
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1292
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1292
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1293
14. Outlook		1293
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1293
14.2 Growth Areas		1294
1. General		1300
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1300
1.2 Court System		1300
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1301
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1301
2. Litigation Funding		1301
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1301
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1301
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1302
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1302
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1302
2.6 Contingency Fees		1302
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1302
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1302
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1302
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1302
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1303
3.4 Initial Complaint		1303
3.5 Rules of Service		1303
3.6 Failure to Respond		1304
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1304
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1304
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1305
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1305
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1305
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1305
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1305
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1306
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1306
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1306
5. Discovery		1306
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1306
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1307
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1307
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1307
5.5 Legal Privilege		1307
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1307
6. Injunctive Relief		1307
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1307
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1308
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1308
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1309
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1309
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1309
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1309
7. Trials and Hearings		1309
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1309
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1310
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1310
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1310
7.5 Expert Testimony		1310
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1310
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1310
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1310
8. Settlement		1311
8.1 Court Approval		1311
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1311
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1311
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1311
9. Damages and Judgment		1311
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1311
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1311
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1312
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1312
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1312
10. Appeal		1312
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1312
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1313
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1313
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1313
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1313
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1313
11. Costs		1313
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1313
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1314
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1314
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1314
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1314
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1314
12.3 ADR Institutions		1314
13. Arbitration		1315
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1315
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1315
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1315
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1315
14. Outlook		1315
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1315
14.2 Growth Areas		1315
1. General		1330
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1330
1.2 Court System		1330
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1331
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1331
2. Litigation Funding		1332
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1332
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1332
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1332
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1332
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1332
2.6 Contingency Fees		1332
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1333
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1333
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1333
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1333
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1333
3.4 Initial Complaint		1334
3.5 Rules of Service		1334
3.6 Failure to Respond		1335
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1335
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1336
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1336
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1336
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1336
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1336
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1337
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1337
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1337
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1337
5. Discovery		1337
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1337
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1338
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1338
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1338
5.5 Legal Privilege		1338
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1338
6. Injunctive Relief		1338
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1338
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1339
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1339
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1339
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1339
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1340
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1340
7. Trials and Hearings		1340
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1340
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1341
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1341
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1341
7.5 Expert Testimony		1342
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1342
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1342
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1342
8. Settlement		1342
8.1 Court Approval		1342
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1342
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1343
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1343
9. Damages and Judgment		1343
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1343
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1343
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1343
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1344
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1344
10. Appeal		1344
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1344
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1344
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1345
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1345
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1346
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1346
11. Costs		1346
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1346
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1346
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1346
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1347
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1347
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1347
12.3 ADR Institutions		1347
13. Arbitration		1347
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1347
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1347
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1348
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1348
14. Outlook		1348
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1348
14.2 Growth Areas		1348
1. General		1355
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1355
1.2 Court System		1355
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1356
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1356
2. Litigation Funding		1356
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1356
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1356
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1356
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1356
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1356
2.6 Contingency Fees		1356
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1357
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1357
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1357
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1357
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1357
3.4 Initial Complaint		1357
3.5 Rules of Service		1358
3.6 Failure to Respond		1358
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1358
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1359
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1359
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1359
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1359
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1359
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1360
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1360
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1360
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1360
5. Discovery		1361
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1361
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1361
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1361
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1361
5.5 Legal Privilege		1362
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1362
6. Injunctive Relief		1362
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1362
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1363
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1363
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1363
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1363
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1363
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1364
7. Trials and Hearings		1364
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1364
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1364
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1364
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1364
7.5 Expert Testimony		1365
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1365
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1365
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1365
8. Settlement		1366
8.1 Court Approval		1366
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1366
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1366
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1366
9. Damages and Judgment		1367
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1367
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1367
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1367
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1367
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1368
10. Appeal		1368
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1368
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1369
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1369
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1370
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1370
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1370
11. Costs		1371
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1371
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1371
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1371
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1371
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1371
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1372
12.3 ADR Institutions		1372
13. Arbitration		1372
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1372
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1372
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1373
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1373
14. Outlook		1374
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1374
14.2 Growth Areas		1374
1. General		1380
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1380
1.2 Court System		1380
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1380
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1381
2. Litigation Funding		1381
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1381
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1381
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1381
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1381
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1381
2.6 Contingency Fees		1381
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1382
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1382
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1382
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1382
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1382
3.4 Initial Complaint		1383
3.5 Rules of Service		1383
3.6 Failure to Respond		1383
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1383
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1384
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1384
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1384
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1384
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1384
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1385
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1385
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1385
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1385
5. Discovery		1385
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1385
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1386
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1386
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1386
5.5 Legal Privilege		1386
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1386
6. Injunctive Relief		1387
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1387
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1387
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1387
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1387
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1387
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1388
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1388
7. Trials and Hearings		1388
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1388
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1388
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1389
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1389
7.5 Expert Testimony		1389
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1389
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1389
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1389
8. Settlement		1390
8.1 Court Approval		1390
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1390
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1391
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1391
9. Damages and Judgment		1391
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1391
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1392
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1392
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1392
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1392
10. Appeal		1392
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1392
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1392
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1393
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1393
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1393
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1393
11. Costs		1393
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1393
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1393
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1394
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1394
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1394
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1394
12.3 ADR Institutions		1394
13. Arbitration		1394
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1394
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1394
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1394
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1395
14. Outlook		1395
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1395
14.2 Growth Areas		1395
1. General		1408
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1408
1.2 Court System		1408
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1408
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1408
2. Litigation Funding		1409
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1409
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1409
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1409
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1409
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1409
2.6 Contingency Fees		1410
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1410
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1410
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1410
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1410
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1410
3.4 Initial Complaint		1411
3.5 Rules of Service		1411
3.6 Failure to Respond		1411
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1412
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1412
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1412
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1412
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1412
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1413
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1413
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1413
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1414
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1414
5. Discovery		1414
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1414
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1414
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1415
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1415
5.5 Legal Privilege		1415
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1415
6. Injunctive Relief		1416
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1416
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1416
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1416
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1416
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1417
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1417
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1417
7. Trials and Hearings		1417
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1417
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1417
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1418
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1418
7.5 Expert Testimony		1418
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1418
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1418
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1418
8. Settlement		1419
8.1 Court Approval		1419
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1419
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1419
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1419
9. Damages and Judgment		1420
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1420
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1420
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1420
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1420
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1421
10. Appeal		1421
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1421
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1422
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1422
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1422
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1423
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1423
11. Costs		1423
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1423
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1423
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1424
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1424
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1424
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1424
12.3 ADR Institutions		1424
13. Arbitration		1424
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1424
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1424
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1425
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1425
14. Outlook		1425
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1425
14.2 Growth Areas		1425
1. General		1439
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1439
1.2 Court System		1439
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1440
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1440
2. Litigation Funding		1440
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1440
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1440
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1441
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1441
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1441
2.6 Contingency Fees		1441
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1441
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1442
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1442
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1442
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1442
3.4 Initial Complaint		1443
3.5 Rules of Service		1443
3.6 Failure to Respond		1444
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1444
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1445
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1445
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1445
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1445
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1445
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1446
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1446
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1446
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1446
5. Discovery		1447
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1447
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1447
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1448
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1448
5.5 Legal Privilege		1448
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1449
6. Injunctive Relief		1449
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1449
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1449
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1450
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1450
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1450
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1451
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1451
7. Trials and Hearings		1451
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1451
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1452
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1452
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1452
7.5 Expert Testimony		1452
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1452
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1453
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1453
8. Settlement		1453
8.1 Court Approval		1453
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1453
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1454
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1454
9. Damages and Judgment		1454
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1454
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1455
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1455
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1456
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1456
10. Appeal		1456
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1456
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1457
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1457
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1458
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1458
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1458
11. Costs		1458
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1458
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1459
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1459
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1459
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1459
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1460
12.3 ADR Institutions		1460
13. Arbitration		1460
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1460
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1461
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1461
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1462
14. Outlook		1462
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1462
14.2 Growth Areas		1462
1. General		1520
1.1 General Characteristics of the Legal System		1520
1.2 Court System		1520
1.3 Court Filings and Proceedings		1521
1.4 Legal Representation in Court		1521
2. Litigation Funding		1522
2.1 Third-Party Litigation Funding		1522
2.2 Third-Party Funding: Lawsuits		1522
2.3 Third-Party Funding for Plaintiff and Defendant		1522
2.4 Minimum and Maximum Amounts of Third-Party Funding		1522
2.5 Types of Costs Considered Under Third-Party Funding		1522
2.6 Contingency Fees		1523
2.7 Time Limit for Obtaining Third-Party Funding		1523
3. Initiating a Lawsuit		1523
3.1 Rules on Pre-action Conduct		1523
3.2 Statutes of Limitations		1523
3.3 Jurisdictional Requirements for a Defendant		1524
3.4 Initial Complaint		1524
3.5 Rules of Service		1524
3.6 Failure to Respond		1525
3.7 Representative or Collective Actions		1525
3.8 Requirements for Cost Estimate		1525
4. Pre-trial Proceedings		1526
4.1 Interim Applications/Motions		1526
4.2 Early Judgment Applications		1526
4.3 Dispositive Motions		1526
4.4 Requirements for Interested Parties to Join a Lawsuit		1526
4.5 Applications for Security for Defendant’s Costs		1526
4.6 Costs of Interim Applications/Motions		1527
4.7 Application/Motion Timeframe		1527
5. Discovery		1527
5.1 Discovery and Civil Cases		1527
5.2 Discovery and Third Parties		1527
5.3 Discovery in This Jurisdiction		1527
5.4 Alternatives to Discovery Mechanisms		1527
5.5 Legal Privilege		1528
5.6 Rules Disallowing Disclosure of a Document		1528
6. Injunctive Relief		1528
6.1 Circumstances of Injunctive Relief		1528
6.2 Arrangements for Obtaining Urgent Injunctive Relief		1529
6.3 Availability of Injunctive Relief on an Ex Parte Basis		1529
6.4 Liability for Damages for the Applicant		1529
6.5 Respondent’s Worldwide Assets and Injunctive Relief		1529
6.6 Third Parties and Injunctive Relief		1529
6.7 Consequences of a Respondent’s Non-compliance		1529
7. Trials and Hearings		1530
7.1 Trial Proceedings		1530
7.2 Case Management Hearings		1530
7.3 Jury Trials in Civil Cases		1531
7.4 Rules That Govern Admission of Evidence		1531
7.5 Expert Testimony		1531
7.6 Extent to Which Hearings Are Open to the Public		1532
7.7 Level of Intervention by a Judge		1532
7.8 General Timeframes for Proceedings		1532
8. Settlement		1532
8.1 Court Approval		1532
8.2 Settlement of Lawsuits and Confidentiality		1533
8.3 Enforcement of Settlement Agreements		1533
8.4 Setting Aside Settlement Agreements		1533
9. Damages and Judgment		1533
9.1 Awards Available to the Successful Litigant		1533
9.2 Rules Regarding Damages		1534
9.3 Pre-judgment and Post-judgment Interest		1534
9.4 Enforcement Mechanisms of a Domestic Judgment		1534
9.5 Enforcement of a Judgment From a Foreign Country		1535
10. Appeal		1535
10.1 Levels of Appeal or Review to a Litigation		1535
10.2 Rules Concerning Appeals of Judgments		1535
10.3 Procedure for Taking an Appeal		1536
10.4 Issues Considered by the Appeal Court at an Appeal		1536
10.5 Court-Imposed Conditions on Granting an Appeal		1537
10.6 Powers of the Appellate Court After an Appeal Hearing		1537
11. Costs		1538
11.1 Responsibility for Paying the Costs of Litigation		1538
11.2 Factors Considered When Awarding Costs		1538
11.3 Interest Awarded on Costs		1538
12. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)		1538
12.1 Views of ADR Within the Country		1538
12.2 ADR Within the Legal System		1538
12.3 ADR Institutions		1539
13. Arbitration		1539
13.1 Laws Regarding the Conduct of Arbitration		1539
13.2 Subject Matters Not Referred to Arbitration		1539
13.3 Circumstances to Challenge an Arbitral Award		1540
13.4 Procedure for Enforcing Domestic and Foreign Arbitration		1540
14. Outlook		1540
14.1 Proposals for Dispute Resolution Reform		1540
14.2 Growth Areas		1540

Powered by