Public and Administrative Law 2025

FRANCE CONTENTS

9. Time Limits and Preliminary Steps p.111 9.1 Preliminary Requirements p.111 9.2 Exhausting Internal Appeals p.111 9.3 Time Limits p.112 9.4 Evidence Required to Initiate a Claim p.112 9.5 Procedural Stages p.112 9.6 Initial Sifting Process p.113 9.7 Expedited Proceedings p.113 10. Grounds p.114 10.1 Scope of Judicial Review: Merits v Process p.114 10.2 Constitutional Challenge p.115 10.3 Procedural Errors p.115 10.4 Factual Errors p.115 10.5 Abdication or Fettering of Discretion p.116 10.6 Bias p.116 10.7 Unequal Treatment p.116

10.8 Human Rights p.117 10.9 Proportionality p.117

10.10 Additional Grounds p.117 10.11 Exempt Decisions p.118 11. Defence p.118 11.1 Timing and Grounds of Defence p.118 12. Interim Relief p.118 12.1 Common Forms of Interim Relief p.118

13. Remedies p.119 13.1 Damages p.119 13.2 Invalidating Legislation p.119

13.3 Mandating Government Action Through Court Orders p.120 13.4 Next Steps Where a Decision Is Found Unlawful p.120 14. Costs p.121 14.1 Mechanisms to Protect Claimants From Excessive Costs p.121 14.2 Public Interest Costs p.121 14.3 Wasted Costs p.121 15. Appeals p.122

15.1 Right to Appeal p.122 15.2 Appeal Forums p.122

15.3 Permission to Appeal p.122 15.4 Rehearing of Appeal? p.122

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