NETHERLANDS Law and Practice Contributed by: Friederike Henke, Ingrid Cools, Philip ter Burg, IJsbrand Uljée, Suzan van de Kam and Epke Spijkerman BUREN Contents 1. Legal System p.727 1.1 Legal System and Judicial Order p.727 2. Restrictions on Foreign Investments p.727 2.1 Approval of Foreign Investments p.727 2.2 Procedure to Obtain Approval and Sanctions for Non-Compliance p.728 2.3 Commitments Required From Foreign Investors p.728 2.4 Right to Appeal p.728 3. Corporate Vehicles p.728 3.1 Most Common Forms of Legal Entity p.728 3.2 Incorporation Process p.729 3.3 Ongoing Reporting and Disclosure Obligations p.730 3.4 Management Structures p.730 3.5 Directors’, Officers’ and Shareholders’ Liability p.730 4. Employment Law p.731 4.1 Nature of Applicable Regulations p.731 4.2 Characteristics of Employment Contracts p.731 4.3 Working Time p.731 4.4 Termination of Employment Contracts p.731 4.5 Employee Representations p.732 5. Tax Law p.733 5.1 Taxes Applicable to Employees/Employers p.733 5.2 Taxes Applicable to Businesses p.734 5.3 Available Tax Credits/Incentives p.735 5.4 Tax Consolidation p.736 5.5 Thin Capitalisation Rules and Other Limitations p.737 5.6 Transfer Pricing p.737 5.7 Anti-Evasion Rules p.737 5.8 Tariffs p.739
Amsterdam
Netherlands Germany
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6. Competition Law p.739 6.1 Merger Control Notification p.739 6.2 Merger Control Procedure p.740 6.3 Cartels p.740 6.4 Abuse of Dominant Position p.741 7. Intellectual Property p.741 7.1 Patents p.741 7.2 Trade Marks p.742 7.3 Industrial Designs p.743 7.4 Copyright p.744 7.5 Others p.744 8. Data Protection p.745
8.1 Applicable Regulations p.745 8.2 Geographical Scope p.746 8.3 Role and Authority of the Data Protection Agency p.747 9. Looking Forward p.747 9.1 Upcoming Legal Reforms p.747
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