i Table of contents 459

International Fraud and Asset Tracing 2025

Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers

INTRODUCTION		6
Contributed by Simon Bushell and Gareth Keillor, Seladore Legal		6
AUSTRALIA		12
Law and Practice		12
Contributed by HFW		12
BRAZIL		37
Law and Practice		37
Contributed by Duarte Forssell Advogados		37
Trends and Developments		58
Contributed by Duarte Forssell Advogados		58
CAYMAN ISLANDS		65
Law and Practice		65
Contributed by Appleby		65
Trends and Developments		82
Contributed by Appleby		82
CHILE		90
Law and Practice		90
Contributed by Bofill Escobar Silva Abogados		90
Trends and Developments		105
Contributed by Winter Etcheberry		105
CHINA		113
Trends and Developments		113
Contributed by Secretariat		113
FRANCE		122
Law and Practice		122
Contributed by Le 16 Law		122
Trends and Developments		143
Contributed by Le 16 Law		143
GREECE		150
Law and Practice		150
Contributed by ANAGNOSTOPOULOS		150
Trends and Developments		165
Contributed by Ovvadias S. Namias Law Firm		165
HONG KONG SAR, CHINA		172
Law and Practice		172
Contributed by Holman Fenwick Willan		172
INDIA		196
Law and Practice		196
Contributed by AZB & Partners		196
Trends and Developments		224
Contributed by AZB & Partners		224
ITALY		232
Trends and Developments		232
Contributed by Fornari e Associati		232
LIECHTENSTEIN		242
Law and Practice		242
Contributed by Niedermüller Attorneys-at-Law		242
MONACO		265
Law and Practice		265
Contributed by Donald Manasse Law Offices		265
POLAND		279
Law and Practice		279
Contributed by KW Kruk and Partners Law Firm		279
Trends and Developments		295
Contributed by KW Kruk and Partners Law Firm		295
SINGAPORE		298
Law and Practice		298
Contributed by Rajah & Tann Singapore LLP		298
Trends and Developments		315
Contributed by Rajah & Tann Singapore LLP		315
SOUTH KOREA		320
Law and Practice		320
Contributed by DR & AJU LLC		320
SWITZERLAND		337
Law and Practice		337
Contributed by Monfrini Bitton Klein		337
Trends and Developments		357
Contributed by Canonica Valticos Carnicé & Associés		357
UK		366
Law and Practice		366
Contributed by Seladore Legal		366
Trends and Developments		386
Contributed by StoneTurn		386
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES		393
Law and Practice		393
Contributed by Herbert Smith Freehills		393
Trends and Developments		418
Contributed by Herbert Smith Freehills (Dubai)		418
USA		425
Law and Practice		425
Contributed by MoloLamken		425
Trends and Developments		447
Contributed by MoloLamken		447
USA – NEW YORK		453
Trends and Developments		453
Contributed by Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP		453
1. Fraud Claims		15
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		15
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		16
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		17
1.4 Limitation Periods		18
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		19
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		20
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		20
2. Procedures and Trials		21
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		21
2.2 Preserving Evidence		22
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		23
2.4 Procedural Orders		23
2.5 Criminal Redress		23
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		24
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		24
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		25
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		26
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		26
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		26
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		27
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		27
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		28
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		28
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		30
5. Enforcement		31
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		31
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		32
6. Privileges		32
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		32
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		32
7. Special Rules and Laws		33
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		33
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		34
7.3 Crypto-Assets		35
1. Fraud Claims		41
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		41
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		43
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		43
1.4 Limitation Periods		44
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		44
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		45
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		45
2. Procedures and Trials		46
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		46
2.2 Preserving Evidence		47
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		48
2.4 Procedural Orders		48
2.5 Criminal Redress		48
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		49
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		50
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		50
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		50
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		51
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		51
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		51
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		52
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		52
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		52
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		53
5. Enforcement		53
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		53
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		54
6. Privileges		55
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		55
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		55
7. Special Rules and Laws		55
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		55
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		56
7.3 Crypto-Assets		56
1. Fraud Claims		69
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		69
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		70
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		70
1.4 Limitation Periods		72
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		72
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		72
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		73
2. Procedures and Trials		74
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		74
2.2 Preserving Evidence		74
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		74
2.4 Procedural Orders		75
2.5 Criminal Redress		75
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		75
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		75
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		75
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		76
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		76
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		76
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		77
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		77
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		78
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		78
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		78
5. Enforcement		79
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		79
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		79
6. Privileges		80
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		80
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		80
7. Special Rules and Laws		81
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		81
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		81
7.3 Crypto-Assets		81
1. Fraud Claims		93
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		93
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		94
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		94
1.4 Limitation Periods		95
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		95
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		96
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		96
2. Procedures and Trials		97
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		97
2.2 Preserving Evidence		97
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		98
2.4 Procedural Orders		98
2.5 Criminal Redress		98
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		98
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		98
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		99
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		99
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		99
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		99
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		100
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		100
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		101
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		101
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		101
5. Enforcement		102
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		102
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		102
6. Privileges		103
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		103
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		103
7. Special Rules and Laws		103
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		103
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		104
7.3 Crypto-Assets		104
1. Fraud Claims		126
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		126
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		126
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		127
1.4 Limitation Periods		127
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		128
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		129
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		129
2. Procedures and Trials		130
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		130
2.2 Preserving Evidence		131
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		132
2.4 Procedural Orders		132
2.5 Criminal Redress		133
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		133
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		134
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		134
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		135
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		135
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		135
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		136
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		136
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		137
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		137
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		137
5. Enforcement		138
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		138
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		139
6. Privileges		139
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		139
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		140
7. Special Rules and Laws		140
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		140
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		140
7.3 Crypto-Assets		141
1. Fraud Claims		153
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		153
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		154
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		155
1.4 Limitation Periods		155
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		156
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		156
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		156
2. Procedures and Trials		157
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		157
2.2 Preserving Evidence		157
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		158
2.4 Procedural Orders		158
2.5 Criminal Redress		158
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		159
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		159
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		160
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		160
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		160
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		160
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		161
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		161
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		161
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		161
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		162
5. Enforcement		162
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		162
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		162
6. Privileges		163
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		163
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		163
7. Special Rules and Laws		164
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		164
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		164
7.3 Crypto-Assets		164
1. Fraud Claims		175
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		175
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		176
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		177
1.4 Limitation Periods		179
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		179
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		181
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		181
2. Procedures and Trials		182
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		182
2.2 Preserving Evidence		183
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		183
2.4 Procedural Orders		184
2.5 Criminal Redress		185
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		185
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		186
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		186
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		186
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		186
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		186
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		187
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		187
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		189
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		189
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		189
5. Enforcement		190
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		190
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		191
6. Privileges		192
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		192
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		192
7. Special Rules and Laws		192
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		192
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		193
7.3 Crypto-Assets		194
1. Fraud Claims		200
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		200
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		201
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		202
1.4 Limitation Periods		203
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		203
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		205
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		206
2. Procedures and Trials		207
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		207
2.2 Preserving Evidence		208
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		210
2.4 Procedural Orders		210
2.5 Criminal Redress		210
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		211
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		212
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		212
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		212
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		213
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		213
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		213
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		213
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		214
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		214
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		216
5. Enforcement		216
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		216
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		217
6. Privileges		218
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		218
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		219
7. Special Rules and Laws		220
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		220
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		221
7.3 Crypto-Assets		222
1. Fraud Claims		246
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		246
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		248
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		249
1.4 Limitation Periods		249
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		249
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		251
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		251
2. Procedures and Trials		253
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		253
2.2 Preserving Evidence		254
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		255
2.4 Procedural Orders		255
2.5 Criminal Redress		255
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		256
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		257
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		257
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		257
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		258
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		258
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		259
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		260
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		261
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		261
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		261
5. Enforcement		261
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		261
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		262
6. Privileges		262
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		262
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		262
7. Special Rules and Laws		263
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		263
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		263
7.3 Crypto-Assets		263
1. Fraud Claims		268
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		268
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		269
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		270
1.4 Limitation Periods		270
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		270
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		271
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		271
2. Procedures and Trials		272
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		272
2.2 Preserving Evidence		272
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		272
2.4 Procedural Orders		273
2.5 Criminal Redress		273
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		273
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		273
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		274
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		274
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		274
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		274
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		274
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		275
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		275
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		275
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		275
5. Enforcement		276
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		276
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		276
6. Privileges		277
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		277
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		277
7. Special Rules and Laws		277
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		277
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		278
7.3 Crypto-Assets		278
1. Fraud Claims		282
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		282
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		282
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		283
1.4 Limitation Periods		283
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		284
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		284
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		285
2. Procedures and Trials		285
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		285
2.2 Preserving Evidence		286
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		286
2.4 Procedural Orders		287
2.5 Criminal Redress		288
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		288
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		288
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		289
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		290
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		290
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		290
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		290
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		291
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		291
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		291
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		292
5. Enforcement		292
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		292
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		293
6. Privileges		293
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		293
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		293
7. Special Rules and Laws		294
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		294
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		294
7.3 Crypto-Assets		294
1. Fraud Claims		301
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		301
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		301
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		301
1.4 Limitation Periods		302
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		302
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		302
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		302
2. Procedures and Trials		303
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		303
2.2 Preserving Evidence		304
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		304
2.4 Procedural Orders		305
2.5 Criminal Redress		305
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		305
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		305
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		306
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		306
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		306
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		306
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		307
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		307
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		308
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		308
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		308
5. Enforcement		308
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		308
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		309
6. Privileges		312
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		312
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		312
7. Special Rules and Laws		313
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		313
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		313
7.3 Crypto-Assets		313
1. Fraud Claims		323
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		323
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		324
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		324
1.4 Limitation Periods		325
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		326
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		326
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		327
2. Procedures and Trials		328
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		328
2.2 Preserving Evidence		328
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		329
2.4 Procedural Orders		329
2.5 Criminal Redress		329
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		330
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		330
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		330
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		330
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		331
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		331
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		331
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		332
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		332
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		332
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		333
5. Enforcement		333
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		333
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		333
6. Privileges		333
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		333
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		333
7. Special Rules and Laws		334
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		334
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		335
7.3 Crypto-Assets		335
1. Fraud Claims		341
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		341
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		341
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		341
1.4 Limitation Periods		342
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		342
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		343
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		343
2. Procedures and Trials		344
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		344
2.2 Preserving Evidence		345
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		346
2.4 Procedural Orders		347
2.5 Criminal Redress		347
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		348
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		349
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		349
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		349
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		350
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		350
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		350
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		350
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		351
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		351
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		352
5. Enforcement		352
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		352
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		353
6. Privileges		353
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		353
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		354
7. Special Rules and Laws		354
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		354
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		354
7.3 Crypto-Assets		355
1. Fraud Claims		369
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		369
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		370
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		371
1.4 Limitation Periods		373
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		373
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		374
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		374
2. Procedures and Trials		376
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		376
2.2 Preserving Evidence		376
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		377
2.4 Procedural Orders		378
2.5 Criminal Redress		378
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		378
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		379
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		379
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		379
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		379
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		379
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		380
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		380
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		380
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		380
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		381
5. Enforcement		382
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		382
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		383
6. Privileges		383
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		383
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		384
7. Special Rules and Laws		384
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		384
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		384
7.3 Crypto-Assets		384
1. Fraud Claims		397
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		397
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		400
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		401
1.4 Limitation Periods		401
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		401
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		402
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		402
2. Procedures and Trials		403
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		403
2.2 Preserving Evidence		404
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		405
2.4 Procedural Orders		406
2.5 Criminal Redress		406
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		406
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		407
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		407
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		407
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		408
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		408
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		408
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		409
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		410
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		410
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		411
5. Enforcement		411
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		411
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		413
6. Privileges		414
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		414
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		415
7. Special Rules and Laws		415
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		415
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		415
7.3 Crypto-Assets		416
1. Fraud Claims		429
1.1 General Characteristics of Fraud Claims		429
1.2 Causes of Action After Receipt of a Bribe		431
1.3 Claims Against Parties Who Assist or Facilitate Fraudulent Acts		431
1.4 Limitation Periods		432
1.5 Proprietary Claims Against Property		432
1.6 Rules of Pre-Action Conduct		433
1.7 Prevention of Defendants Dissipating or Secreting Assets		433
2. Procedures and Trials		434
2.1 Disclosure of Defendants’ Assets		434
2.2 Preserving Evidence		435
2.3 Obtaining Disclosure of Documents and Evidence From Third Parties		435
2.4 Procedural Orders		436
2.5 Criminal Redress		437
2.6 Judgment Without Trial		437
2.7 Rules for Pleading Fraud		437
2.8 Claims Against “Unknown” Fraudsters		437
2.9 Compelling Witnesses to Give Evidence		438
3. Corporate Entities, Ultimate Beneficial Owners and Shareholders		438
3.1 Imposing Liability for Fraud on to a Corporate Entity		438
3.2 Claims Against Ultimate Beneficial Owners		438
3.3 Shareholders’ Claims Against Fraudulent Directors		439
4. Overseas Parties in Fraud Claims		439
4.1 Joining Overseas Parties to Fraud Claims		439
4.2 Service of Proceedings out of the Jurisdiction		440
5. Enforcement		440
5.1 Methods of Enforcement		440
5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		441
6. Privileges		441
6.1 Invoking the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination		441
6.2 Undermining the Privilege Over Communications Exempt From Discovery or Disclosure		443
7. Special Rules and Laws		444
7.1 Rules for Claiming Punitive or Exemplary Damages		444
7.2 Laws to Protect “Banking Secrecy”		444
7.3 Crypto-Assets		444

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