i Table of contents 528

Enforcement of Judgments 2025

Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers

INTRODUCTION		6
Contributed by James Herring, Addleshaw Goddard		6
AUSTRIA		9
Law and Practice		9
Contributed by KNOETZL		9
BAHRAIN		28
Trends and Developments		28
Contributed by Hassan Radhi & Associates		28
BELGIUM		35
Law and Practice		35
Contributed by Janson		35
CANADA		48
Law and Practice		48
Contributed by Baker McKenzie		48
Trends and Developments		65
Contributed by Bojm Funt & Gibbons		65
CAYMAN ISLANDS		72
Law and Practice		72
Contributed by Campbells		72
Trends and Developments		84
Contributed by Collas Crill		84
CHINA		92
Law and Practice		92
Contributed by Han Kun Law Offices		92
Trends and Developments		107
Contributed by Han Kun Law Offices		107
CYPRUS		115
Law and Practice		115
Contributed by Chryssafinis & Polyviou LLC		115
Trends and Developments		124
Contributed by Economou & Co LLC		124
DENMARK		131
Law and Practice		131
Contributed by Bruun & Hjejle		131
EGYPT		144
Law and Practice		144
Contributed by Matouk Bassiouny & Hennawy		144
ENGLAND & WALES		156
Law and Practice		156
Contributed by Addleshaw Goddard		156
EU		172
Law and Practice		172
Contributed by Freshfields		172
Trends and Developments		181
Contributed by Freshfields		181
FRANCE		186
Law and Practice		186
Contributed by De Pardieu Brocas Maffei		186
GERMANY		204
Law and Practice		204
Contributed by HEUKING		204
GREECE		217
Law and Practice		217
Contributed by Zepos & Yannopoulos		217
Trends and Developments		233
Contributed by Zepos & Yannopoulos		233
ISRAEL		239
Law and Practice		239
Contributed by Herzog Fox & Neeman		239
ITALY		252
Law and Practice		252
Contributed by ArbLit		252
JAPAN		268
Law and Practice		268
Contributed by Anderson Mori & Tomotsune		268
Trends and Developments		278
Contributed by Gaien Partners		278
LIECHTENSTEIN		283
Law and Practice		283
Contributed by Schurti Partners Attorneys at Law Ltd		283
MAURITIUS		293
Trends and Developments		293
Contributed by Chambers of Sir Hamid Moollan KC		293
MEXICO		300
Law and Practice		300
Contributed by White & Case		300
Trends and Developments		319
Contributed by De la Garza & Acosta		319
NIGERIA		325
Law and Practice		325
Contributed by Streamsowers & Köhn		325
Trends and Developments		340
Contributed by Streamsowers & Köhn		340
NORWAY		346
Law and Practice		346
Contributed by Simonsen Vogt Wiig		346
PHILIPPINES		356
Law and Practice		356
Contributed by SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan		356
PORTUGAL		366
Law and Practice		366
Contributed by PLMJ		366
QATAR		378
Law and Practice		378
Contributed by Al Tamimi & Company		378
SAUDI ARABIA		390
Law and Practice		390
Contributed by Omar Alrasheed Law Firm		390
SERBIA		399
Law and Practice		399
Contributed by Law Office Miroslav Stojanović		399
SINGAPORE		415
Law and Practice		415
Contributed by Drew & Napier		415
Trends and Developments		433
Contributed by WongPartnership		433
SPAIN		439
Law and Practice		439
Contributed by López-Ibor Abogados		439
Trends and Developments		454
Contributed by López-Ibor Abogados		454
SWEDEN		459
Law and Practice		459
Contributed by Vinge		459
Trends and Developments		468
Contributed by Vinge		468
SWITZERLAND		474
Law and Practice		474
Contributed by Monfrini Bitton Klein		474
Trends and Developments		490
Contributed by Monfrini Bitton Klein		490
TAIWAN		494
Law and Practice		494
Contributed by Formosa Transnational		494
UAE		508
Law and Practice		508
Contributed by Alsuwaidi & Company		508
USA		524
Trends and Developments		524
Contributed by Hoguet Newman Regal & Kenney		524
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		11
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		11
2. Domestic Judgments		14
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		14
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		15
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		18
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		18
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		18
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		18
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		18
3. Foreign Judgments		19
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		19
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		19
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		20
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		21
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		22
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		22
4. Arbitral Awards		23
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		23
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		23
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		23
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		24
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		25
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		25
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		37
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		37
2. Domestic Judgments		38
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		38
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		39
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		39
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		40
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		40
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		40
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		40
3. Foreign Judgments		41
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		41
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		41
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		41
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		42
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		44
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		44
4. Arbitral Awards		45
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		45
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		45
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		45
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		46
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		46
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		46
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		50
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		50
2. Domestic Judgments		53
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		53
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		53
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		55
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		55
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		56
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		56
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		56
3. Foreign Judgments		57
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		57
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		59
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		59
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		59
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		59
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		60
4. Arbitral Awards		61
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		61
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		61
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		62
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		62
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		62
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		63
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		74
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		74
2. Domestic Judgments		74
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		74
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		75
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		78
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		78
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		78
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		79
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		79
3. Foreign Judgments		79
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		79
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		80
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		80
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		80
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		80
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		81
4. Arbitral Awards		81
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		81
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		82
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		82
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		82
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		82
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		82
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		94
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		94
2. Domestic Judgments		95
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		95
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		96
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		97
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		97
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		98
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		98
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		98
3. Foreign Judgments		99
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		99
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		100
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		100
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		100
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		101
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		101
4. Arbitral Awards		102
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		102
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		103
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		103
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		104
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		104
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		105
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		117
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		117
2. Domestic Judgments		117
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		117
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		117
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		118
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		118
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		119
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		119
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		119
3. Foreign Judgments		119
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		119
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		120
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		120
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		121
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		121
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		122
4. Arbitral Awards		122
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		122
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		122
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		122
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		122
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		123
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		123
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		133
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		133
2. Domestic Judgments		133
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		133
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		134
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		135
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		135
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		136
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		136
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		136
3. Foreign Judgments		137
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		137
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		138
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		138
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		138
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		139
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		139
4. Arbitral Awards		141
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		141
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		142
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		142
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		142
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		142
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		142
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		147
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		147
2. Domestic Judgments		147
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		147
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		147
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		149
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		149
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		149
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		150
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		150
3. Foreign Judgments		150
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		150
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		151
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		151
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		151
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		151
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		152
4. Arbitral Awards		152
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		152
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		152
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		152
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		153
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		154
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		154
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		158
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		158
2. Domestic Judgments		158
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		158
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		159
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		161
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		161
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		161
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		162
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		162
3. Foreign Judgments		162
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		162
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		164
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		164
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		165
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		166
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		166
4. Arbitral Awards		167
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		167
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		168
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		169
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		169
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		170
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		170
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		174
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		174
2. Domestic Judgments		174
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		174
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		175
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		175
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		175
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		175
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		176
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		176
3. Foreign Judgments		176
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		176
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		177
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		177
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		178
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		178
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		178
4. Arbitral Awards		179
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		179
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		179
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		179
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		179
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		179
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		179
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		188
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		188
2. Domestic Judgments		188
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		188
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		190
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		193
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		193
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		193
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		193
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		193
3. Foreign Judgments		194
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		194
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		195
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		196
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		196
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		197
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		198
4. Arbitral Awards		198
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		198
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		199
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		199
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		199
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		200
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		201
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		206
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		206
2. Domestic Judgments		207
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		207
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		208
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		209
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		210
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		210
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		210
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		210
3. Foreign Judgments		211
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		211
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		212
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		212
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		212
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		213
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		213
4. Arbitral Awards		214
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		214
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		214
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		214
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		214
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		215
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		215
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		219
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		219
2. Domestic Judgments		220
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		220
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		222
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		223
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		224
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		224
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		225
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		225
3. Foreign Judgments		225
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		225
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		228
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		230
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		230
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		230
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		230
4. Arbitral Awards		230
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		230
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		231
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		231
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		231
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		232
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		232
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		241
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		241
2. Domestic Judgments		242
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		242
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		242
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		245
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		245
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		245
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		245
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		246
3. Foreign Judgments		246
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		246
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		246
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		247
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		247
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		247
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		247
4. Arbitral Awards		248
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		248
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		249
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		249
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		249
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		249
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		250
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		255
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		255
2. Domestic Judgments		255
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		255
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		256
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		257
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		258
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		258
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		258
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		259
3. Foreign Judgments		259
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		259
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		260
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		261
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		262
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		264
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		264
4. Arbitral Awards		265
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		265
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		265
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		265
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		266
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		267
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		267
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		270
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		270
2. Domestic Judgments		271
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		271
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		271
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		272
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		273
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		273
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		273
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		273
3. Foreign Judgments		273
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		273
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		274
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		274
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		275
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		276
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		276
4. Arbitral Awards		276
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		276
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		277
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		277
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		277
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		277
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		277
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		285
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		285
2. Domestic Judgments		286
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		286
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		287
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		288
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		288
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		288
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		289
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		289
3. Foreign Judgments		289
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		289
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		290
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		290
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		290
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		291
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		291
4. Arbitral Awards		291
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		291
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		292
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		292
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		292
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		292
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		292
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		303
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		303
2. Domestic Judgments		305
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		305
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		306
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		307
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		307
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		308
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		308
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		309
3. Foreign Judgments		309
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		309
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		310
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		310
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		311
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		311
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		311
4. Arbitral Awards		312
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		312
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		314
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		315
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		316
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		317
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		317
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		327
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		327
2. Domestic Judgments		328
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		328
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		328
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		330
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		330
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		331
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		331
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		331
3. Foreign Judgments		332
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		332
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		333
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		333
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		333
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		334
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		334
4. Arbitral Awards		335
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		335
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		336
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		336
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		337
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		338
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		338
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		348
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		348
2. Domestic Judgments		349
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		349
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		350
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		351
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		351
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		351
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		352
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		352
3. Foreign Judgments		352
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		352
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		353
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		353
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		353
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		353
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		354
4. Arbitral Awards		354
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		354
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		354
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		354
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		354
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		354
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		354
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		358
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		358
2. Domestic Judgments		359
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		359
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		360
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		360
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		360
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		360
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		361
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		361
3. Foreign Judgments		361
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		361
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		361
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		361
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		361
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		362
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		362
4. Arbitral Awards		362
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		362
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		363
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		363
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		364
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		365
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		365
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		368
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		368
2. Domestic Judgments		368
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		368
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		368
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		369
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		369
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		370
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		370
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		371
3. Foreign Judgments		371
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		371
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		372
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		372
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		373
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		373
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		373
4. Arbitral Awards		374
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		374
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		374
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		375
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		375
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		375
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		376
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		380
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		380
2. Domestic Judgments		380
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		380
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		381
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		382
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		382
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		382
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		383
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		383
3. Foreign Judgments		383
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		383
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		384
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		384
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		385
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		386
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		386
4. Arbitral Awards		387
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		387
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		387
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		387
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		387
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		388
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		388
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		392
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		392
2. Domestic Judgments		392
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		392
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		393
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		393
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		394
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		394
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		394
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		394
3. Foreign Judgments		394
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		394
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		395
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		395
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		395
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		396
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		396
4. Arbitral Awards		396
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		396
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		396
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		397
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		397
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		397
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		397
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		401
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		401
2. Domestic Judgments		403
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		403
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		405
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		407
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		408
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		408
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		409
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		409
3. Foreign Judgments		409
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		409
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		410
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		410
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		411
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		412
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		412
4. Arbitral Awards		412
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		412
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		413
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		413
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		413
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		414
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		414
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		417
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		417
2. Domestic Judgments		418
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		418
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		418
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		420
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		420
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		420
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		421
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		421
3. Foreign Judgments		422
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		422
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		423
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		425
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		426
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		427
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		428
4. Arbitral Awards		428
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		428
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		429
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		429
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		429
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		430
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		430
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		441
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		441
2. Domestic Judgments		441
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		441
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		442
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		443
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		444
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		444
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		445
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		445
3. Foreign Judgments		446
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		446
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		448
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		448
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		449
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		449
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		450
4. Arbitral Awards		450
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		450
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		450
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		450
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		451
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		451
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		451
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		461
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		461
2. Domestic Judgments		461
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		461
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		462
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		462
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		463
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		463
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		463
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		463
3. Foreign Judgments		464
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		464
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		464
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		464
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		464
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		465
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		465
4. Arbitral Awards		465
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		465
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		466
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		466
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		466
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		467
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		467
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		476
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		476
2. Domestic Judgments		477
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		477
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		478
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		483
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		484
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		484
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		484
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		484
3. Foreign Judgments		484
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		484
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		484
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		484
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		485
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		487
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		487
4. Arbitral Awards		488
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		488
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		488
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		488
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		488
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		489
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		489
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		496
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		496
2. Domestic Judgments		497
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		497
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		498
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		499
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		499
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		499
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		499
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		499
3. Foreign Judgments		500
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		500
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		501
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		501
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		502
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		502
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		503
4. Arbitral Awards		503
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		503
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		505
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		505
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		505
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		506
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		506
1. Identifying Assets in the Jurisdiction		510
1.1 Options to Identify Another Party’s Asset Position		510
2. Domestic Judgments		510
2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments		510
2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		511
2.3 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Domestic Judgments		514
2.4 Post-Judgment Procedures for Determining Defendants’ Assets		514
2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments		515
2.6 Unenforceable Domestic Judgments		515
2.7 Register of Domestic Judgments		516
3. Foreign Judgments		516
3.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		516
3.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		517
3.3 Categories of Foreign Judgments Not Enforced		517
3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments		517
3.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Foreign Judgments		518
3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments		519
4. Arbitral Awards		520
4.1 Legal Issues Concerning Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		520
4.2 Variations in Approach to Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		520
4.3 Categories of Arbitral Awards Not Enforced		520
4.4 Process of Enforcing Arbitral Awards		521
4.5 Costs and Time Taken to Enforce Arbitral Awards		522
4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards		523

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