i Table of contents 768

Trade Marks & Copyright 2025

Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers

INTRODUCTION		6
Contributed by Dale Cendali, Joshua Simmons and Dana DeVlieger, Kirkland & Ellis LLP		6
ARMENIA		11
Law and Practice		11
Contributed by Concern Dialog		11
BANGLADESH		30
Trends and Developments		30
Contributed by H&H Company		30
CANADA		34
Law and Practice		34
Contributed by Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP		34
CHINA		60
Law and Practice		60
Contributed by CCPIT Patent and Trademark Law Office		60
Trends and Developments		84
Contributed by Jingtian & Gongcheng		84
COSTA RICA		93
Law and Practice		93
Contributed by Zurcher, Odio & Raven		93
FRANCE		117
Law and Practice		117
Contributed by Cabinet Bouchara		117
Trends and Developments		139
Contributed by Fiducial Legal By Lamy		139
GERMANY		145
Law and Practice		145
Contributed by SZA Schilling, Zutt & Anschütz		145
Trends and Developments		165
Contributed by SZA Schilling, Zutt & Anschütz		165
INDIA		172
Law and Practice		172
Contributed by Anand and Anand Advocates		172
Trends and Developments		205
Contributed by Anand and Anand Advocates		205
ISRAEL		210
Law and Practice		210
Contributed by Reinhold Cohn Group		210
Trends and Developments		237
Contributed by Sanford T Colb & Co		237
ITALY		241
Trends and Developments		241
Contributed by Spheriens		241
JAPAN		249
Trends and Developments		249
Contributed by Nagashima Ohno & Tsunematsu		249
LUXEMBOURG		258
Law and Practice		258
Contributed by Elvinger Hoss Prussen		258
MALAYSIA		285
Law and Practice		285
Contributed by LAW Partnership		285
Trends and Developments		312
Contributed by LAW Partnership		312
MEXICO		319
Law and Practice		319
Contributed by BC&B Law & Business		319
Trends and Developments		345
Contributed by BC&B Law & Business		345
NETHERLANDS		355
Law and Practice		355
Contributed by Greenberg Traurig, LLP		355
Trends and Developments		374
Contributed by Greenberg Traurig, LLP		374
NORWAY		380
Law and Practice		380
Contributed by Advokatfirmaet Thommessen AS		380
Trends and Developments		400
Contributed by Advokatfirmaet Thommessen AS		400
PAKISTAN		406
Law and Practice		406
Contributed by Ali & Associates		406
PHILIPPINES		434
Law and Practice		434
Contributed by Villaraza & Angangco		434
Trends and Developments		465
Contributed by Villaraza & Angangco		465
PORTUGAL		474
Law and Practice		474
Contributed by SÉRVULO		474
Trends and Developments		496
Contributed by SÉRVULO		496
SERBIA		502
Trends and Developments		502
Contributed by Mikijelj, Janković & Bogdanović		502
SINGAPORE		506
Law and Practice		506
Contributed by Drew & Napier LLC		506
SOUTH AFRICA		534
Law and Practice		534
Contributed by KISCH IP		534
Trends and Developments		563
Contributed by KISCH IP		563
SOUTH KOREA		570
Law and Practice		570
Contributed by Yoon & Yang LLC		570
SPAIN		597
Law and Practice		597
Contributed by Arochi & Lindner		597
Trends and Developments		620
Contributed by Arochi & Lindner		620
SWITZERLAND		626
Law and Practice		626
Contributed by MLL Legal		626
TÜRKIYE		657
Law and Practice		657
Contributed by Ankara Patent		657
UKRAINE		680
Law and Practice		680
Contributed by Mamunya IP		680
Trends and Developments		710
Contributed by Mamunya IP		710
USA		718
Law and Practice		718
Contributed by DLA Piper LLP		718
Trends and Developments		750
Contributed by Young Conaway Stargatt & Taylor, LLP		750
USA – NEW YORK		756
Trends and Developments		756
Contributed by Cowan, DeBaets, Abrahams & Sheppard LLP		756
USA – TEXAS		763
Trends and Developments		763
Contributed by Baker McKenzie		763
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		15
1.1 Governing Law		15
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		15
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		16
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		16
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		16
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		16
2.4 Use in Commerce		16
2.5 Notices and Symbols		16
2.6 Related Rights		17
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		17
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		17
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		17
3.3 Copyright Authorship		17
3.4 Copyright Rights		18
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		18
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		18
3.7 Copyright Registration		18
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		18
3.9 Refusal of Registration		18
3.10 Related Rights		18
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		19
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		19
4.2 Trade Mark Register		19
4.3 Term of Registration		19
4.4 Application Requirements		19
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		20
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		20
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		20
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		20
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		20
4.10 Refusal of Registration		21
4.11 The Madrid System		21
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		22
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		22
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		22
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		23
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		23
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		23
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		23
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		24
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		24
6. Assignments and Licensing		24
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		24
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		24
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		24
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		24
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		24
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		24
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		25
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		26
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		26
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		26
7.7 Small Claims		26
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		26
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		26
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		27
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		27
8.2 Effect of Registration		27
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		27
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		27
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		27
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		28
9.3 Exhaustion		28
10. Remedies		28
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		28
10.2 Monetary Remedies		28
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		28
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		29
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		29
11. Appeal		29
11.1 Appellate Procedure		29
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		29
12. Additional Considerations		29
12.1 Emerging Issues		29
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		29
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		39
1.1 Governing Law		39
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		39
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		40
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		40
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		40
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		40
2.4 Use in Commerce		41
2.5 Notices and Symbols		41
2.6 Related Rights		41
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		41
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		41
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		41
3.3 Copyright Authorship		42
3.4 Copyright Rights		42
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		43
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		43
3.7 Copyright Registration		43
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		44
3.9 Refusal of Registration		44
3.10 Related Rights		44
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		44
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		44
4.2 Trade Mark Register		45
4.3 Term of Registration		45
4.4 Application Requirements		45
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		45
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		45
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		46
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		46
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		46
4.10 Refusal of Registration		46
4.11 The Madrid System		46
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		46
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		46
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		47
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		48
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		48
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		49
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		49
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		49
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		49
6. Assignments and Licensing		50
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		50
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		50
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		51
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		51
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		51
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		52
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		53
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		53
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		53
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		54
7.7 Small Claims		54
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		54
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		54
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		55
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		55
8.2 Effect of Registration		55
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		55
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		55
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		55
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		56
9.3 Exhaustion		56
10. Remedies		57
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		57
10.2 Monetary Remedies		57
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		58
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		58
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		58
11. Appeal		58
11.1 Appellate Procedure		58
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		58
12. Additional Considerations		59
12.1 Emerging Issues		59
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		59
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		65
1.1 Governing Law		65
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		65
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		65
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		65
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		65
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		65
2.4 Use in Commerce		66
2.5 Notices and Symbols		66
2.6 Related Rights		66
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		66
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		66
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		66
3.3 Copyright Authorship		66
3.4 Copyright Rights		67
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		67
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		68
3.7 Copyright Registration		68
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		68
3.9 Refusal of Registration		68
3.10 Related Rights		69
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		69
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		69
4.2 Trade Mark Register		69
4.3 Term of Registration		69
4.4 Application Requirements		69
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		70
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		70
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		70
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		70
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		70
4.10 Refusal of Registration		71
4.11 The Madrid System		71
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		71
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		71
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		71
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		72
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		72
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		72
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		72
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		72
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		73
6. Assignments and Licensing		73
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		73
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		73
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		74
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		74
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		74
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		74
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		75
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		76
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		76
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		76
7.7 Small Claims		77
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		77
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		77
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		78
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		78
8.2 Effect of Registration		78
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		78
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		79
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		79
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		79
9.3 Exhaustion		79
10. Remedies		80
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		80
10.2 Monetary Remedies		80
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		81
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		81
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		81
11. Appeal		82
11.1 Appellate Procedure		82
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		82
12. Additional Considerations		82
12.1 Emerging Issues		82
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		83
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		98
1.1 Governing Law		98
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		98
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		98
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		98
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		99
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		99
2.4 Use in Commerce		99
2.5 Notices and Symbols		99
2.6 Related Rights		100
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		100
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		100
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		100
3.3 Copyright Authorship		101
3.4 Copyright Rights		101
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		102
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		102
3.7 Copyright Registration		103
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		103
3.9 Refusal of Registration		103
3.10 Related Rights		103
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		103
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		103
4.2 Trade Mark Register		104
4.3 Term of Registration		104
4.4 Application Requirements		105
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		105
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		105
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		105
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		106
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		106
4.10 Refusal of Registration		106
4.11 The Madrid System		107
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		107
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		107
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		107
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		108
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		108
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		108
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		108
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		108
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		108
6. Assignments and Licensing		109
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		109
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		109
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		110
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		110
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		110
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		110
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		111
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		111
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		111
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		112
7.7 Small Claims		112
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		112
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		112
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		112
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		112
8.2 Effect of Registration		113
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		113
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		113
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		113
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		113
9.3 Exhaustion		114
10. Remedies		114
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		114
10.2 Monetary Remedies		115
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		115
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		115
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		115
11. Appeal		115
11.1 Appellate Procedure		115
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		116
12. Additional Considerations		116
12.1 Emerging Issues		116
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		116
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		122
1.1 Governing Law		122
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		122
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		122
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		122
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		122
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		123
2.4 Use in Commerce		123
2.5 Notices and Symbols		123
2.6 Related Rights		123
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		124
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		124
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		124
3.3 Copyright Authorship		124
3.4 Copyright Rights		125
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		126
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		126
3.7 Copyright Registration		127
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		127
3.9 Refusal of Registration		127
3.10 Related Rights		127
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		127
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		127
4.2 Trade Mark Register		127
4.3 Term of Registration		128
4.4 Application Requirements		128
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		128
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		128
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		129
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		129
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		129
4.10 Refusal of Registration		129
4.11 The Madrid System		130
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		130
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		130
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		130
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		131
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		131
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		132
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		132
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		132
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		132
6. Assignments and Licensing		133
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		133
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		133
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		133
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		133
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		133
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		134
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		134
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		134
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		135
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		135
7.7 Small Claims		135
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		135
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		135
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		135
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		135
8.2 Effect of Registration		136
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		136
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		136
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		136
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		136
9.3 Exhaustion		136
10. Remedies		136
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		136
10.2 Monetary Remedies		137
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		137
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		137
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		137
11. Appeal		137
11.1 Appellate Procedure		137
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		138
12. Additional Considerations		138
12.1 Emerging Issues		138
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		138
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		149
1.1 Governing Law		149
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		149
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		149
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		149
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		150
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		150
2.4 Use in Commerce		150
2.5 Notices and Symbols		151
2.6 Related Rights		151
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		151
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		151
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		151
3.3 Copyright Authorship		151
3.4 Copyright Rights		151
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		152
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		152
3.7 Copyright Registration		152
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		152
3.9 Refusal of Registration		152
3.10 Related Rights		152
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		152
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		152
4.2 Trade Mark Register		152
4.3 Term of Registration		153
4.4 Application Requirements		153
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		153
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		153
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		153
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		154
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		154
4.10 Refusal of Registration		154
4.11 The Madrid System		154
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		154
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		154
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		155
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		155
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		156
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		156
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		156
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		156
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		157
6. Assignments and Licensing		157
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		157
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		157
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		157
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		157
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		157
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		158
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		158
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		159
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		159
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		159
7.7 Small Claims		160
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		160
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		160
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		160
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		160
8.2 Effect of Registration		160
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		161
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		161
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		161
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		161
9.3 Exhaustion		161
10. Remedies		162
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		162
10.2 Monetary Remedies		162
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		162
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		162
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		162
11. Appeal		163
11.1 Appellate Procedure		163
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		163
12. Additional Considerations		163
12.1 Emerging Issues		163
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		163
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		176
1.1 Governing Law		176
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		176
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		176
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		176
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		178
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		179
2.4 Use in Commerce		180
2.5 Notices and Symbols		180
2.6 Related Rights		180
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		181
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		181
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		182
3.3 Copyright Authorship		182
3.4 Copyright Rights		182
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		183
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		184
3.7 Copyright Registration		184
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		184
3.9 Refusal of Registration		185
3.10 Related Rights		185
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		185
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		185
4.2 Trade Mark Register		185
4.3 Term of Registration		185
4.4 Application Requirements		185
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		186
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		186
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		186
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		186
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		186
4.10 Refusal of Registration		186
4.11 The Madrid System		187
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		187
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		187
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		188
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		188
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		189
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		189
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		189
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		189
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		189
6. Assignments and Licensing		190
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		190
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		190
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		191
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		191
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		191
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		191
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		192
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		192
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		192
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		193
7.7 Small Claims		193
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		193
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		193
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		194
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		194
8.2 Effect of Registration		194
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		194
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		194
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		194
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		194
9.3 Exhaustion		199
10. Remedies		200
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		200
10.2 Monetary Remedies		200
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		201
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		201
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		201
11. Appeal		201
11.1 Appellate Procedure		201
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		202
12. Additional Considerations		202
12.1 Emerging Issues		202
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		203
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		215
1.1 Governing Law		215
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		215
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		216
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		216
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		216
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		216
2.4 Use in Commerce		217
2.5 Notices and Symbols		217
2.6 Related Rights		217
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		217
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		217
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		218
3.3 Copyright Authorship		218
3.4 Copyright Rights		218
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		219
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		219
3.7 Copyright Registration		219
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		220
3.9 Refusal of Registration		220
3.10 Related Rights		220
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		220
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		220
4.2 Trade Mark Register		220
4.3 Term of Registration		221
4.4 Application Requirements		221
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		221
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		221
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		222
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		222
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		222
4.10 Refusal of Registration		222
4.11 The Madrid System		223
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		223
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		223
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		224
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		224
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		224
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		225
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		225
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		225
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		225
6. Assignments and Licensing		226
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		226
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		226
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		226
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		227
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		227
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		227
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		229
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		229
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		229
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		230
7.7 Small Claims		230
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		230
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		230
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		230
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		230
8.2 Effect of Registration		230
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		231
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		231
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		231
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		232
9.3 Exhaustion		233
10. Remedies		233
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		233
10.2 Monetary Remedies		233
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		234
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		234
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		234
11. Appeal		234
11.1 Appellate Procedure		234
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		235
12. Additional Considerations		235
12.1 Emerging Issues		235
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		235
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		262
1.1 Governing Law		262
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		262
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		263
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		263
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		263
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		264
2.4 Use in Commerce		264
2.5 Notices and Symbols		265
2.6 Related Rights		265
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		265
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		265
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		265
3.3 Copyright Authorship		265
3.4 Copyright Rights		266
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		267
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		267
3.7 Copyright Registration		268
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		268
3.9 Refusal of Registration		268
3.10 Related Rights		268
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		268
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		268
4.2 Trade Mark Register		268
4.3 Term of Registration		268
4.4 Application Requirements		269
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		269
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		269
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		269
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		270
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		270
4.10 Refusal of Registration		270
4.11 The Madrid System		270
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		270
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		270
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		271
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		272
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		272
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		273
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		273
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		273
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		273
6. Assignments and Licensing		273
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		273
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		274
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		274
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		275
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		275
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		275
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		276
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		277
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		277
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		277
7.7 Small Claims		278
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		278
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		278
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		279
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		279
8.2 Effect of Registration		279
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		280
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		280
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		280
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		280
9.3 Exhaustion		281
10. Remedies		281
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		281
10.2 Monetary Remedies		282
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		282
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		282
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		282
11. Appeal		283
11.1 Appellate Procedure		283
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		283
12. Additional Considerations		284
12.1 Emerging Issues		284
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		284
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		290
1.1 Governing Law		290
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		290
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		290
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		290
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		291
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		292
2.4 Use in Commerce		292
2.5 Notices and Symbols		293
2.6 Related Rights		293
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		293
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		293
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		293
3.3 Copyright Authorship		294
3.4 Copyright Rights		295
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		295
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		295
3.7 Copyright Registration		296
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		296
3.9 Refusal of Registration		296
3.10 Related Rights		296
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		296
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		296
4.2 Trade Mark Register		297
4.3 Term of Registration		297
4.4 Application Requirements		297
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		298
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		298
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		298
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		298
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		298
4.10 Refusal of Registration		299
4.11 The Madrid System		299
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		300
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		300
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		300
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		301
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		301
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		302
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		302
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		302
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		302
6. Assignments and Licensing		302
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		302
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		303
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		303
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		303
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		303
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		304
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		305
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		305
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		305
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		306
7.7 Small Claims		306
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		306
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		306
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		307
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		307
8.2 Effect of Registration		307
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		307
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		307
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		307
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		308
9.3 Exhaustion		308
10. Remedies		308
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		308
10.2 Monetary Remedies		309
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		309
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		309
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		309
11. Appeal		310
11.1 Appellate Procedure		310
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		310
12. Additional Considerations		310
12.1 Emerging Issues		310
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		311
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		324
1.1 Governing Law		324
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		324
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		324
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		324
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		325
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		325
2.4 Use in Commerce		326
2.5 Notices and Symbols		326
2.6 Related Rights		326
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		327
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		327
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		327
3.3 Copyright Authorship		327
3.4 Copyright Rights		328
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		328
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		328
3.7 Copyright Registration		328
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		328
3.9 Refusal of Registration		329
3.10 Related Rights		330
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		330
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		330
4.2 Trade Mark Register		330
4.3 Term of Registration		330
4.4 Application Requirements		331
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		331
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		331
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		331
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		332
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		332
4.10 Refusal of Registration		332
4.11 The Madrid System		332
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		333
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		333
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		333
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		334
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		334
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		335
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		335
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		335
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		335
6. Assignments and Licensing		336
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		336
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		336
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		336
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		336
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		336
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		336
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		339
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		339
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		339
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		339
7.7 Small Claims		339
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		339
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		339
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		340
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		340
8.2 Effect of Registration		340
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		340
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		340
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		340
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		341
9.3 Exhaustion		341
10. Remedies		342
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		342
10.2 Monetary Remedies		343
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		343
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		343
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		343
11. Appeal		344
11.1 Appellate Procedure		344
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		344
12. Additional Considerations		344
12.1 Emerging Issues		344
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		344
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		359
1.1 Governing Law		359
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		359
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		360
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		360
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		360
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		361
2.4 Use in Commerce		361
2.5 Notices and Symbols		361
2.6 Related Rights		361
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		361
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		361
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		361
3.3 Copyright Authorship		361
3.4 Copyright Rights		362
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		362
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		362
3.7 Copyright Registration		363
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		363
3.9 Refusal of Registration		363
3.10 Related Rights		363
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		363
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		363
4.2 Trade Mark Register		363
4.3 Term of Registration		363
4.4 Application Requirements		363
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		364
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		364
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		364
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		364
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		364
4.10 Refusal of Registration		364
4.11 The Madrid System		366
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		366
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		366
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		366
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		366
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		366
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		366
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		366
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		366
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		367
6. Assignments and Licensing		367
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		367
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		367
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		367
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		368
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		368
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		368
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		369
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		369
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		369
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		369
7.7 Small Claims		369
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		369
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		369
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		369
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		369
8.2 Effect of Registration		370
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		370
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		370
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		370
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		370
9.3 Exhaustion		371
10. Remedies		372
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		372
10.2 Monetary Remedies		372
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		372
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		372
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		372
11. Appeal		373
11.1 Appellate Procedure		373
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		373
12. Additional Considerations		373
12.1 Emerging Issues		373
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		373
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		384
1.1 Governing Law		384
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		384
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		385
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		385
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		385
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		385
2.4 Use in Commerce		386
2.5 Notices and Symbols		386
2.6 Related Rights		386
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		386
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		386
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		386
3.3 Copyright Authorship		387
3.4 Copyright Rights		387
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		387
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		388
3.7 Copyright Registration		388
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		388
3.9 Refusal of Registration		388
3.10 Related Rights		388
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		388
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		388
4.2 Trade Mark Register		388
4.3 Term of Registration		389
4.4 Application Requirements		389
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		389
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		389
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		389
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		390
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		390
4.10 Refusal of Registration		390
4.11 The Madrid System		390
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		390
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		390
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		391
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		391
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		392
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		392
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		392
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		392
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		392
6. Assignments and Licensing		392
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		392
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		393
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		393
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		393
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		393
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		393
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		394
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		394
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		394
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		395
7.7 Small Claims		395
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		395
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		395
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		395
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		395
8.2 Effect of Registration		396
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		396
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		396
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		396
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		396
9.3 Exhaustion		396
10. Remedies		397
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		397
10.2 Monetary Remedies		397
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		398
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		398
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		398
11. Appeal		399
11.1 Appellate Procedure		399
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		399
12. Additional Considerations		399
12.1 Emerging Issues		399
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		399
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		411
1.1 Governing Law		411
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		411
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		411
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		411
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		412
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		412
2.4 Use in Commerce		413
2.5 Notices and Symbols		413
2.6 Related Rights		413
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		413
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		413
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		414
3.3 Copyright Authorship		414
3.4 Copyright Rights		415
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		415
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		416
3.7 Copyright Registration		416
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		416
3.9 Refusal of Registration		417
3.10 Related Rights		418
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		418
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		418
4.2 Trade Mark Register		419
4.3 Term of Registration		419
4.4 Application Requirements		420
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		420
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		420
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		421
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		421
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		421
4.10 Refusal of Registration		421
4.11 The Madrid System		422
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		422
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		422
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		422
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		423
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		424
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		425
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		425
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		425
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		425
6. Assignments and Licensing		425
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		425
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		426
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		427
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		427
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		427
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		427
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		428
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		428
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		428
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		429
7.7 Small Claims		429
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		429
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		429
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		430
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		430
8.2 Effect of Registration		430
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		430
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		430
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		430
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		430
9.3 Exhaustion		431
10. Remedies		431
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		431
10.2 Monetary Remedies		432
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		432
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		432
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		432
11. Appeal		433
11.1 Appellate Procedure		433
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		433
12. Additional Considerations		433
12.1 Emerging Issues		433
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		433
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		439
1.1 Governing Law		439
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		440
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		440
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		440
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		442
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		443
2.4 Use in Commerce		443
2.5 Notices and Symbols		444
2.6 Related Rights		444
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		444
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		444
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		445
3.3 Copyright Authorship		445
3.4 Copyright Rights		445
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		446
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		446
3.7 Copyright Registration		447
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		447
3.9 Refusal of Registration		448
3.10 Related Rights		448
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		448
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		448
4.2 Trade Mark Register		449
4.3 Term of Registration		449
4.4 Application Requirements		449
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		450
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		450
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		450
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		450
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		450
4.10 Refusal of Registration		451
4.11 The Madrid System		451
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		451
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		451
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		452
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		452
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		453
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		453
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		454
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		454
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		454
6. Assignments and Licensing		454
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		454
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		455
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		455
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		456
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		456
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		456
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		457
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		457
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		458
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		458
7.7 Small Claims		458
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		459
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		459
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		459
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		459
8.2 Effect of Registration		460
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		460
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		460
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		460
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		460
9.3 Exhaustion		461
10. Remedies		461
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		461
10.2 Monetary Remedies		461
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		462
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		463
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		463
11. Appeal		463
11.1 Appellate Procedure		463
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		464
12. Additional Considerations		464
12.1 Emerging Issues		464
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		464
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		479
1.1 Governing Law		479
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		479
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		479
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		479
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		480
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		480
2.4 Use in Commerce		480
2.5 Notices and Symbols		481
2.6 Related Rights		481
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		481
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		481
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		481
3.3 Copyright Authorship		482
3.4 Copyright Rights		482
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		482
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		482
3.7 Copyright Registration		483
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		483
3.9 Refusal of Registration		483
3.10 Related Rights		484
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		484
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		484
4.2 Trade Mark Register		484
4.3 Term of Registration		484
4.4 Application Requirements		485
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		485
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		485
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		485
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		485
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		485
4.10 Refusal of Registration		486
4.11 The Madrid System		486
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		486
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		486
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		487
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		487
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		488
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		488
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		488
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		488
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		489
6. Assignments and Licensing		489
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		489
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		489
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		490
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		490
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		490
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		490
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		491
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		491
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		491
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		491
7.7 Small Claims		491
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		492
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		492
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		492
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		492
8.2 Effect of Registration		492
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		492
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		493
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		493
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		493
9.3 Exhaustion		493
10. Remedies		493
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		493
10.2 Monetary Remedies		494
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		494
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		494
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		494
11. Appeal		494
11.1 Appellate Procedure		494
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		495
12. Additional Considerations		495
12.1 Emerging Issues		495
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		495
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		511
1.1 Governing Law		511
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		511
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		511
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		511
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		513
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		513
2.4 Use in Commerce		513
2.5 Notices and Symbols		514
2.6 Related Rights		514
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		514
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		514
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		514
3.3 Copyright Authorship		515
3.4 Copyright Rights		516
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		516
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		517
3.7 Copyright Registration		517
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		517
3.9 Refusal of Registration		517
3.10 Related Rights		517
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		517
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		517
4.2 Trade Mark Register		518
4.3 Term of Registration		518
4.4 Application Requirements		518
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		518
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		518
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		519
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		519
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		519
4.10 Refusal of Registration		520
4.11 The Madrid System		520
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		520
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		520
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		521
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		521
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		521
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		522
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		522
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		522
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		522
6. Assignments and Licensing		522
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		522
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		522
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		523
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		523
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		523
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		523
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		524
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		525
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		525
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		525
7.7 Small Claims		525
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		525
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		525
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		526
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		526
8.2 Effect of Registration		526
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		526
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		526
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		526
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		527
9.3 Exhaustion		527
10. Remedies		528
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		528
10.2 Monetary Remedies		528
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		529
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		530
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		530
11. Appeal		531
11.1 Appellate Procedure		531
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		531
12. Additional Considerations		532
12.1 Emerging Issues		532
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		532
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		539
1.1 Governing Law		539
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		539
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		539
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		539
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		540
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		540
2.4 Use in Commerce		540
2.5 Notices and Symbols		541
2.6 Related Rights		541
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		541
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		541
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		542
3.3 Copyright Authorship		542
3.4 Copyright Rights		543
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		544
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		544
3.7 Copyright Registration		544
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		545
3.9 Refusal of Registration		545
3.10 Related Rights		545
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		546
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		546
4.2 Trade Mark Register		546
4.3 Term of Registration		546
4.4 Application Requirements		547
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		547
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		547
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		547
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		547
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		548
4.10 Refusal of Registration		548
4.11 The Madrid System		548
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		549
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		549
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		549
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		550
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		551
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		551
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		552
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		552
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		552
6. Assignments and Licensing		552
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		552
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		553
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		553
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		553
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		553
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		554
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		556
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		556
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		556
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		557
7.7 Small Claims		557
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		557
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		557
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		557
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		557
8.2 Effect of Registration		558
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		558
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		558
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		558
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		558
9.3 Exhaustion		559
10. Remedies		559
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		559
10.2 Monetary Remedies		560
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		560
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		560
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		560
11. Appeal		561
11.1 Appellate Procedure		561
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		561
12. Additional Considerations		561
12.1 Emerging Issues		561
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		561
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		574
1.1 Governing Law		574
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		574
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		574
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		574
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		576
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		576
2.4 Use in Commerce		576
2.5 Notices and Symbols		577
2.6 Related Rights		577
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		577
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		577
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		577
3.3 Copyright Authorship		578
3.4 Copyright Rights		578
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		579
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		579
3.7 Copyright Registration		579
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		579
3.9 Refusal of Registration		580
3.10 Related Rights		580
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		580
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		580
4.2 Trade Mark Register		580
4.3 Term of Registration		580
4.4 Application Requirements		581
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		581
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		582
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		582
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		582
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		582
4.10 Refusal of Registration		582
4.11 The Madrid System		583
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		583
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		583
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		584
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		585
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		585
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		586
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		586
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		586
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		586
6. Assignments and Licensing		587
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		587
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		587
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		587
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		588
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		588
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		588
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		590
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		590
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		590
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		591
7.7 Small Claims		591
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		591
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		592
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		592
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		592
8.2 Effect of Registration		592
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		592
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		592
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		592
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		593
9.3 Exhaustion		594
10. Remedies		594
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		594
10.2 Monetary Remedies		594
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		595
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		595
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		595
11. Appeal		595
11.1 Appellate Procedure		595
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		596
12. Additional Considerations		596
12.1 Emerging Issues		596
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		596
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		601
1.1 Governing Law		601
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		601
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		602
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		602
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		602
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		603
2.4 Use in Commerce		603
2.5 Notices and Symbols		603
2.6 Related Rights		604
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		604
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		604
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		604
3.3 Copyright Authorship		604
3.4 Copyright Rights		605
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		605
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		606
3.7 Copyright Registration		606
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		607
3.9 Refusal of Registration		607
3.10 Related Rights		607
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		608
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		608
4.2 Trade Mark Register		608
4.3 Term of Registration		608
4.4 Application Requirements		608
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		608
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		609
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		609
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		609
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		609
4.10 Refusal of Registration		609
4.11 The Madrid System		610
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		610
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		610
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		610
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		611
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		611
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		612
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		612
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		612
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		612
6. Assignments and Licensing		612
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		612
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		613
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		613
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		613
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		613
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		613
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		614
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		614
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		614
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		615
7.7 Small Claims		615
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		615
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		615
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		615
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		615
8.2 Effect of Registration		616
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		616
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		616
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		616
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		616
9.3 Exhaustion		617
10. Remedies		617
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		617
10.2 Monetary Remedies		617
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		618
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		618
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		618
11. Appeal		619
11.1 Appellate Procedure		619
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		619
12. Additional Considerations		619
12.1 Emerging Issues		619
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		619
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		631
1.1 Governing Law		631
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		631
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		632
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		632
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		633
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		634
2.4 Use in Commerce		634
2.5 Notices and Symbols		634
2.6 Related Rights		634
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		635
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		635
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		636
3.3 Copyright Authorship		636
3.4 Copyright Rights		637
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		637
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		637
3.7 Copyright Registration		638
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		638
3.9 Refusal of Registration		638
3.10 Related Rights		638
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		639
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		639
4.2 Trade Mark Register		639
4.3 Term of Registration		639
4.4 Application Requirements		639
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		640
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		640
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		640
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		640
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		641
4.10 Refusal of Registration		641
4.11 The Madrid System		641
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		641
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		641
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		642
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		643
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		643
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		644
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		644
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		644
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		644
6. Assignments and Licensing		645
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		645
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		645
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		646
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		646
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		646
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		646
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		647
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		648
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		648
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		649
7.7 Small Claims		649
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		649
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		649
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		650
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		650
8.2 Effect of Registration		651
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		651
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		651
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		651
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		652
9.3 Exhaustion		652
10. Remedies		652
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		652
10.2 Monetary Remedies		653
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		654
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		654
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		654
11. Appeal		654
11.1 Appellate Procedure		654
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		655
12. Additional Considerations		655
12.1 Emerging Issues		655
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		656
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		662
1.1 Governing Law		662
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		662
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		662
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		662
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		663
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		663
2.4 Use in Commerce		664
2.5 Notices and Symbols		664
2.6 Related Rights		664
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		664
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		664
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		664
3.3 Copyright Authorship		664
3.4 Copyright Rights		665
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		665
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		665
3.7 Copyright Registration		665
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		666
3.9 Refusal of Registration		666
3.10 Related Rights		666
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		666
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		666
4.2 Trade Mark Register		666
4.3 Term of Registration		667
4.4 Application Requirements		667
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		668
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		668
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		668
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		668
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		668
4.10 Refusal of Registration		668
4.11 The Madrid System		669
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		669
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		669
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		669
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		669
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		670
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		670
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		671
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		671
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		671
6. Assignments and Licensing		671
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		671
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		671
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		672
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		672
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		672
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		672
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		673
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		673
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		673
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		674
7.7 Small Claims		674
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		674
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		674
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		675
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		675
8.2 Effect of Registration		675
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		675
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		676
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		676
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		676
9.3 Exhaustion		676
10. Remedies		677
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		677
10.2 Monetary Remedies		677
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		677
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		677
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		677
11. Appeal		678
11.1 Appellate Procedure		678
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		678
12. Additional Considerations		678
12.1 Emerging Issues		678
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		678
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		685
1.1 Governing Law		685
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		685
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		685
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		685
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		686
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		686
2.4 Use in Commerce		687
2.5 Notices and Symbols		687
2.6 Related Rights		687
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		687
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		687
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		688
3.3 Copyright Authorship		688
3.4 Copyright Rights		689
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		690
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		690
3.7 Copyright Registration		691
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		691
3.9 Refusal of Registration		691
3.10 Related Rights		692
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		692
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		692
4.2 Trade Mark Register		693
4.3 Term of Registration		693
4.4 Application Requirements		693
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		694
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		694
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		694
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		695
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		695
4.10 Refusal of Registration		695
4.11 The Madrid System		696
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		696
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		696
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		696
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		697
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		698
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		698
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		698
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		698
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		699
6. Assignments and Licensing		699
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		699
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		699
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		700
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		700
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		700
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		700
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		702
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		702
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		702
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		703
7.7 Small Claims		703
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		703
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		703
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		704
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		704
8.2 Effect of Registration		704
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		704
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		704
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		704
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		705
9.3 Exhaustion		706
10. Remedies		706
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		706
10.2 Monetary Remedies		706
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		707
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		707
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		707
11. Appeal		708
11.1 Appellate Procedure		708
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		708
12. Additional Considerations		708
12.1 Emerging Issues		708
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		708
1. Trade Mark and Copyright Law		723
1.1 Governing Law		723
1.2 Conventions and Treaties/Rights of Foreign IP Holders		723
2. Trade Mark Ownership, Protection and Rights		724
2.1 Types of Trade Marks		724
2.2 Essential Elements of Trade Mark Protection		724
2.3 Trade Mark Rights		725
2.4 Use in Commerce		725
2.5 Notices and Symbols		725
2.6 Related Rights		725
3. Copyright Ownership, Protection and Rights		725
3.1 Types of Copyrightable Works		725
3.2 Essential Elements of Copyright Protection		726
3.3 Copyright Authorship		726
3.4 Copyright Rights		726
3.5 Term of Protection and Termination		726
3.6 Collective Rights Management Systems		727
3.7 Copyright Registration		727
3.8 Copyright Application Requirements		727
3.9 Refusal of Registration		728
3.10 Related Rights		728
4. Trade Mark Registrations and Applications		728
4.1 Trade Mark Registration		728
4.2 Trade Mark Register		729
4.3 Term of Registration		729
4.4 Application Requirements		729
4.5 Use in Commerce Prior to Registration		730
4.6 Consideration of Prior Rights in Registration		730
4.7 Revocation, Change, Amendment or Correction of an Application		730
4.8 Dividing a Trade Mark Application		731
4.9 Incorrect Information in an Application		731
4.10 Refusal of Registration		731
4.11 The Madrid System		732
5. Trade Mark Procedure for Inter Partes Proceedings		732
5.1 Timeframes for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		732
5.2 Legal Grounds for Filing an Opposition or Cancellation		733
5.3 Ability to File an Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation		734
5.4 Opposition or Revocation/Cancellation Procedure		734
5.5 Legal Remedies Against the Decision of the Trade Mark Office		735
5.6 Amendment in Revocation/Cancellation Proceedings		735
5.7 Combining Revocation/Cancellation and Infringement		735
5.8 Measures to Address Fraud		735
6. Assignments and Licensing		736
6.1 Assignment Requirements and Restrictions		736
6.2 Licensing Requirements or Restrictions		736
6.3 Registration or Recording of an Assignment or Licence		737
7. Initiating Trade Mark and Copyright Lawsuits		737
7.1 Timeframes for Filing Infringement Lawsuits		737
7.2 Legal Claims for Infringement Lawsuits and Their Standards		738
7.3 Factors in Determining Infringement		739
7.4 Prerequisites and Restrictions to Filing a Lawsuit		740
7.5 Lawsuit Procedure		740
7.6 Declaratory Judgment Proceedings and Other Protections for Potential Defendants		741
7.7 Small Claims		741
7.8 Effect of Trade Mark and Copyright Office Decisions		741
7.9 Counterfeiting and Bootlegging		742
8. Litigating Trade Mark and Copyright Claims		743
8.1 Special Procedural Provisions for Trade Mark or Copyright Proceedings		743
8.2 Effect of Registration		743
8.3 Costs of Litigating Infringement Actions		743
9. Defences and Exceptions to Infringement		743
9.1 Defences to Trade Mark Infringement		743
9.2 Defences to Copyright Infringement (Fair Use/Fair Dealing)		745
9.3 Exhaustion		745
10. Remedies		746
10.1 Injunctive Remedies		746
10.2 Monetary Remedies		747
10.3 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs		747
10.4 Ex Parte Relief		747
10.5 Customs Seizures of Counterfeits or Parallel Imports		748
11. Appeal		748
11.1 Appellate Procedure		748
11.2 Timeframes for Appealing Trial Court Decisions		748
12. Additional Considerations		748
12.1 Emerging Issues		748
12.2 Trade Mark and Copyright Use on the Internet		749

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