i Table of contents 616

Shipping 2025

Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers

INTRODUCTION		6
Contributed by Yoav Harris, John Harris (1940-2023) and Domiana Abboud, Harris & Co Maritime Law Office		6
ANGOLA		13
Law and Practice		13
Contributed by VdA		13
Trends and Developments		32
Contributed by VdA		32
ARGENTINA		38
Law and Practice		38
Contributed by International Transport & Logistics Legal Consultants – MB Espiñeira & Abogados		38
BELGIUM		54
Law and Practice		54
Contributed by Kegels Advocaten		54
BRAZIL		74
Law and Practice		74
Contributed by Kincaid | Mendes Vianna Advogados		74
CHILE		91
Law and Practice		91
Contributed by Jorquiera & Rozas Abogados		91
CHINA		112
Law and Practice		112
Contributed by Wang Jing & Co		112
COLOMBIA		133
Law and Practice		133
Contributed by Franco & Abogados Asociados		133
CYPRUS		145
Law and Practice		145
Contributed by SCORDIS PAPAPETROU & Co LLC		145
Trends and Developments		170
Contributed by Montanios & Montanios LLC		170
DENMARK		178
Law and Practice		178
Contributed by Bech-Bruun		178
Trends and Developments		199
Contributed by Bech-Bruun		199
INDIA		205
Law and Practice		205
Contributed by Phoenix Legal		205
Trends and Developments		225
Contributed by Phoenix Legal		225
INDONESIA		232
Law and Practice		232
Contributed by SSEK Law Firm		232
Trends and Developments		253
Contributed by ABNR Counsellors at Law		253
ISRAEL		260
Law and Practice		260
Contributed by J.SPRINZAK		260
Trends and Developments		282
Contributed by Harris & Co Maritime Law Office		282
ITALY		290
Law and Practice		290
Contributed by ADVANT Nctm		290
JAPAN		314
Law and Practice		314
Contributed by TMI Associates		314
LIBERIA		332
Trends and Developments		332
Contributed by Berman Legal LLC		332
MALTA		335
Law and Practice		335
Contributed by Fenech & Fenech Advocates		335
Trends and Developments		360
Contributed by Fenech & Fenech Advocates		360
MARSHALL ISLANDS		368
Trends and Developments		368
Contributed by Berman Legal LLC		368
MOZAMBIQUE		372
Law and Practice		372
Contributed by VdA		372
Trends and Developments		390
Contributed by VdA		390
NIGERIA		395
Law and Practice		395
Contributed by Bloomfield LP		395
NORWAY		417
Law and Practice		417
Contributed by Kvale Advokatfirma DA		417
Trends and Developments		435
Contributed by Kvale Advokatfirma DA		435
PANAMA		441
Law and Practice		441
Contributed by Patton Moreno & Asvat		441
PHILIPPINES		460
Law and Practice		460
Contributed by VeraLaw		460
Trends and Developments		476
Contributed by VeraLaw		476
SINGAPORE		482
Law and Practice		482
Contributed by DennisMathiew		482
SOUTH KOREA		500
Law and Practice		500
Contributed by Jipyong LLC		500
Trends and Developments		517
Contributed by Jipyong LLC		517
SPAIN		524
Law and Practice		524
Contributed by Aiyon Abogados		524
Trends and Developments		547
Contributed by BUFETE A. PRATS		547
SWEDEN		553
Law and Practice		553
Contributed by Advokatfirman Vinge KB		553
UAE		570
Law and Practice		570
Contributed by Attalah Legal Consultancy		570
USA		594
Law and Practice		594
Contributed by Seward & Kissel LLP		594
Trends and Developments		611
Contributed by Seward & Kissel LLP		611
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		17
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		17
1.2 Port State Control		17
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		17
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		18
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		18
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		18
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		20
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		20
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		20
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		21
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		21
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		21
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		22
3. Cargo Claims		22
3.1 Bills of Lading		22
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		22
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		22
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		22
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		22
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		23
4.1 Ship Arrests		23
4.2 Maritime Liens		23
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		23
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		24
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		24
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		24
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		24
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		25
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		25
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		25
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		26
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		26
5. Passenger Claims		26
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		26
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		26
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		26
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		27
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		27
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		28
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		28
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		28
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		28
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		28
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		29
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		29
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		29
8.3 Trade Sanctions		29
8.4 International Conflict(s)		30
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		31
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		31
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		41
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		41
1.2 Port State Control		41
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		42
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		42
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		42
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		42
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		43
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		43
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		43
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		43
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		44
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		44
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		44
3. Cargo Claims		45
3.1 Bills of Lading		45
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		45
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		45
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		45
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		46
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		46
4.1 Ship Arrests		46
4.2 Maritime Liens		46
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		47
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		47
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		47
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		47
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		47
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		48
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		48
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		48
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		48
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		49
5. Passenger Claims		49
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		49
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		50
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		50
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		50
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		50
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		51
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		51
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		51
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		51
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		51
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		51
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		51
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		52
8.3 Trade Sanctions		52
8.4 International Conflict(s)		52
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		53
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		53
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		57
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		57
1.2 Port State Control		57
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		58
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		59
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		59
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		59
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		60
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		60
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		60
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		62
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		63
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		63
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		63
3. Cargo Claims		64
3.1 Bills of Lading		64
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		64
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		64
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		64
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		64
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		64
4.1 Ship Arrests		64
4.2 Maritime Liens		65
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		66
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		66
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		66
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		66
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		67
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		67
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		67
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		67
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		68
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		68
5. Passenger Claims		68
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		68
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		69
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		69
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		69
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		69
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		70
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		70
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		70
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		70
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		70
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		71
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		71
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		71
8.3 Trade Sanctions		72
8.4 International Conflict(s)		72
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		73
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		73
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		78
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		78
1.2 Port State Control		78
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		79
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		79
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		80
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		80
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		80
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		80
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		80
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		81
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		81
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		81
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		81
3. Cargo Claims		82
3.1 Bills of Lading		82
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		82
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		82
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		82
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		82
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		82
4.1 Ship Arrests		82
4.2 Maritime Liens		83
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		83
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		83
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		83
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		84
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		84
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		84
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		84
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		85
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		86
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		86
5. Passenger Claims		86
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		86
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		86
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		86
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		87
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		87
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		87
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		87
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		87
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		88
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		88
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		88
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		88
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		89
8.3 Trade Sanctions		89
8.4 International Conflict(s)		89
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		90
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		90
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		95
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		95
1.2 Port State Control		95
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		96
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		96
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		97
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		97
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		97
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		97
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		97
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		98
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		98
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		99
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		100
3. Cargo Claims		100
3.1 Bills of Lading		100
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		100
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		101
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		102
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		102
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		102
4.1 Ship Arrests		102
4.2 Maritime Liens		104
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		104
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		104
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		104
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		105
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		105
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		105
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		105
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		105
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		106
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		106
5. Passenger Claims		106
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		106
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		106
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		106
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		107
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		107
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		108
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		108
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		108
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		108
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		108
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		109
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		109
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		109
8.3 Trade Sanctions		109
8.4 International Conflict(s)		110
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		110
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		110
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		116
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		116
1.2 Port State Control		116
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		116
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		117
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		117
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		118
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		118
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		119
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		119
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		119
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		120
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		121
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		121
3. Cargo Claims		122
3.1 Bills of Lading		122
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		122
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		122
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		123
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		124
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		124
4.1 Ship Arrests		124
4.2 Maritime Liens		124
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		125
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		125
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		126
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		126
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		126
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		126
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		126
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		126
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		127
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		127
5. Passenger Claims		127
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		127
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		128
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		128
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		129
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		129
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		129
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		129
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		129
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		129
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		129
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		129
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		129
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		129
8.3 Trade Sanctions		130
8.4 International Conflict(s)		131
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		131
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		131
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		136
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		136
1.2 Port State Control		136
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		136
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		136
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		136
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		137
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		137
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		137
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		137
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		137
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		138
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		138
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		138
3. Cargo Claims		138
3.1 Bills of Lading		138
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		138
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		138
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		138
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		139
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		139
4.1 Ship Arrests		139
4.2 Maritime Liens		139
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		139
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		139
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		140
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		140
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		140
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		140
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		140
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		140
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		141
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		141
5. Passenger Claims		141
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		141
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		142
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		142
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		142
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		142
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		142
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		142
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		143
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		143
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		143
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		143
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		143
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		143
8.3 Trade Sanctions		143
8.4 International Conflict(s)		144
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		144
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		144
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		148
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		148
1.2 Port State Control		149
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		151
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		151
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		152
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		152
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		153
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		153
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		153
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		154
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		154
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		155
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		155
3. Cargo Claims		155
3.1 Bills of Lading		155
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		156
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		156
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		157
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		157
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		158
4.1 Ship Arrests		158
4.2 Maritime Liens		158
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		158
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		159
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		159
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		160
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		160
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		160
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		161
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		161
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		162
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		162
5. Passenger Claims		163
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		163
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		163
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		163
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		164
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		164
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		164
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		164
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		165
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		165
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		165
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		166
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		166
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		167
8.3 Trade Sanctions		167
8.4 International Conflict(s)		168
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		169
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		169
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		181
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		181
1.2 Port State Control		181
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		182
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		182
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		183
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		183
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		184
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		184
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		184
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		184
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		185
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		185
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		186
3. Cargo Claims		187
3.1 Bills of Lading		187
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		187
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		187
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		188
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		188
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		189
4.1 Ship Arrests		189
4.2 Maritime Liens		189
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		189
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		189
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		190
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		190
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		190
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		190
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		191
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		191
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		192
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		192
5. Passenger Claims		192
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		192
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		193
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		193
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		193
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		194
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		194
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		194
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		194
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		195
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		195
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		195
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		195
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		196
8.3 Trade Sanctions		197
8.4 International Conflict(s)		197
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		198
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		198
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		208
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		208
1.2 Port State Control		208
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		209
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		209
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		209
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		209
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		210
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		210
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		210
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		210
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		210
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		211
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		211
3. Cargo Claims		212
3.1 Bills of Lading		212
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		212
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		212
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		213
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		213
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		214
4.1 Ship Arrests		214
4.2 Maritime Liens		214
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		215
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		215
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		216
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		217
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		217
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		217
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		217
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		217
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		218
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		218
5. Passenger Claims		218
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		218
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		219
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		219
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		219
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		220
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		220
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		220
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		220
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		221
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		221
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		221
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		221
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		222
8.3 Trade Sanctions		222
8.4 International Conflict(s)		222
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		223
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		223
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		235
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		235
1.2 Port State Control		235
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		236
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		236
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		236
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		236
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		237
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		237
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		237
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		237
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		238
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		238
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		238
3. Cargo Claims		239
3.1 Bills of Lading		239
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		239
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		239
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		240
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		240
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		240
4.1 Ship Arrests		240
4.2 Maritime Liens		241
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		242
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		242
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		242
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		243
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		243
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		243
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		243
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		243
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		244
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		244
5. Passenger Claims		245
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		245
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		245
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		245
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		246
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		246
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		246
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		247
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		247
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		247
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		247
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		247
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		247
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		248
8.3 Trade Sanctions		249
8.4 International Conflict(s)		249
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		249
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		249
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		263
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		263
1.2 Port State Control		263
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		264
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		265
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		265
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		265
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		265
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		266
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		266
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		267
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		267
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		268
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		268
3. Cargo Claims		269
3.1 Bills of Lading		269
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		269
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		270
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		271
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		271
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		271
4.1 Ship Arrests		271
4.2 Maritime Liens		272
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		272
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		273
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		273
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		274
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		274
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		274
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		274
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		274
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		275
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		275
5. Passenger Claims		275
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		275
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		276
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		276
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		276
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		276
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		277
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		277
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		277
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		277
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		277
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		277
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		277
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		278
8.3 Trade Sanctions		278
8.4 International Conflict(s)		279
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		279
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		279
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		294
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		294
1.2 Port State Control		294
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		295
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		295
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		296
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		296
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		296
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		296
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		296
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		298
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		298
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		298
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		298
3. Cargo Claims		299
3.1 Bills of Lading		299
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		299
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		299
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		300
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		300
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		300
4.1 Ship Arrests		300
4.2 Maritime Liens		300
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		301
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		302
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		302
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		302
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		303
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		303
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		303
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		303
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		304
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		304
5. Passenger Claims		305
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		305
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		305
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		305
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		306
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		306
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		306
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		306
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		306
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		306
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		306
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		307
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		307
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		309
8.3 Trade Sanctions		310
8.4 International Conflict(s)		311
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		312
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		312
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		318
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		318
1.2 Port State Control		318
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		319
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		319
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		319
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		320
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		320
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		320
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		320
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		321
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		321
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		321
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		322
3. Cargo Claims		322
3.1 Bills of Lading		322
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		322
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		323
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		323
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		323
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		323
4.1 Ship Arrests		323
4.2 Maritime Liens		324
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		324
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		324
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		325
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		325
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		325
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		325
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		325
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		325
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		326
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		326
5. Passenger Claims		327
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		327
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		327
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		327
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		327
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		328
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		328
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		328
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		329
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		329
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		329
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		329
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		329
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		329
8.3 Trade Sanctions		330
8.4 International Conflict(s)		330
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		331
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		331
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		339
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		339
1.2 Port State Control		339
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		340
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		340
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		340
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		341
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		341
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		341
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		341
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		342
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		342
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		343
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		343
3. Cargo Claims		343
3.1 Bills of Lading		343
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		344
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		344
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		344
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		345
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		345
4.1 Ship Arrests		345
4.2 Maritime Liens		346
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		346
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		347
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		347
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		348
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		349
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		349
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		350
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		350
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		351
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		352
5. Passenger Claims		352
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		352
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		353
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		353
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		353
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		353
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		353
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		354
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		354
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		355
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		355
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		355
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		355
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		356
8.3 Trade Sanctions		357
8.4 International Conflict(s)		358
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		358
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		358
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		376
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		376
1.2 Port State Control		376
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		377
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		377
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		377
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		378
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		379
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		379
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		379
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		380
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		380
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		381
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		381
3. Cargo Claims		381
3.1 Bills of Lading		381
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		382
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		382
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		382
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		382
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		383
4.1 Ship Arrests		383
4.2 Maritime Liens		383
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		383
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		383
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		384
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		384
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		384
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		384
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		384
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		385
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		385
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		386
5. Passenger Claims		386
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		386
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		386
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		386
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		387
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		387
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		388
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		388
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		388
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		388
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		388
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		388
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		388
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		389
8.3 Trade Sanctions		389
8.4 International Conflict(s)		389
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		389
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		389
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		398
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		398
1.2 Port State Control		399
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		399
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		399
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		400
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		400
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		401
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		401
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		401
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		402
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		403
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		403
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		404
3. Cargo Claims		404
3.1 Bills of Lading		404
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		405
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		405
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		406
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		406
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		407
4.1 Ship Arrests		407
4.2 Maritime Liens		407
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		407
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		407
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		408
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		409
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		409
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		409
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		409
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		409
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		411
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		411
5. Passenger Claims		411
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		411
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		412
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		412
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		412
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		412
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		413
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		413
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		413
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		413
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		413
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		414
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		414
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		414
8.3 Trade Sanctions		414
8.4 International Conflict(s)		415
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		415
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		415
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		421
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		421
1.2 Port State Control		421
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		421
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		421
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		422
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		422
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		423
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		423
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		423
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		424
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		424
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		424
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		425
3. Cargo Claims		425
3.1 Bills of Lading		425
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		425
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		425
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		426
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		426
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		426
4.1 Ship Arrests		426
4.2 Maritime Liens		427
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		427
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		427
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		428
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		428
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		428
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		428
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		428
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		428
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		429
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		429
5. Passenger Claims		429
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		429
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		430
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		430
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		430
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		430
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		431
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		431
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		431
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		431
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		431
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		432
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		432
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		432
8.3 Trade Sanctions		433
8.4 International Conflict(s)		433
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		434
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		434
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		445
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		445
1.2 Port State Control		445
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		446
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		446
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		446
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		447
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		448
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		448
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		448
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		448
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		448
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		449
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		450
3. Cargo Claims		450
3.1 Bills of Lading		450
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		450
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		451
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		451
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		451
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		451
4.1 Ship Arrests		451
4.2 Maritime Liens		451
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		452
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		452
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		452
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		453
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		454
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		454
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		454
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		455
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		456
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		456
5. Passenger Claims		456
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		456
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		457
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		457
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		457
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		457
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		457
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		457
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		458
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		458
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		458
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		458
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		458
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		458
8.3 Trade Sanctions		459
8.4 International Conflict(s)		459
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		459
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		459
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		464
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		464
1.2 Port State Control		464
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		465
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		465
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		465
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		465
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		465
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		465
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		465
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		466
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		466
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		466
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		466
3. Cargo Claims		467
3.1 Bills of Lading		467
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		467
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		467
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		467
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		468
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		468
4.1 Ship Arrests		468
4.2 Maritime Liens		468
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		469
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		469
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		469
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		470
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		470
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		470
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		470
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		471
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		471
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		471
5. Passenger Claims		472
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		472
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		472
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		472
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		472
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		472
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		472
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		473
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		473
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		473
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		473
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		473
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		473
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		474
8.3 Trade Sanctions		474
8.4 International Conflict(s)		474
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		474
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		474
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		486
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		486
1.2 Port State Control		486
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		486
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		486
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		487
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		487
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		487
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		487
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		487
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		488
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		488
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		488
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		489
3. Cargo Claims		489
3.1 Bills of Lading		489
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		490
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		490
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		490
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		491
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		491
4.1 Ship Arrests		491
4.2 Maritime Liens		491
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		491
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		491
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		492
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		492
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		492
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		492
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		493
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		493
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		493
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		494
5. Passenger Claims		494
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		494
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		495
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		495
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		495
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		496
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		496
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		496
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		496
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		497
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		497
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		497
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		497
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		498
8.3 Trade Sanctions		498
8.4 International Conflict(s)		499
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		499
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		499
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		503
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		503
1.2 Port State Control		503
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		503
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		504
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		504
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		504
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		504
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		504
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		504
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		505
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		505
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		505
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		505
3. Cargo Claims		506
3.1 Bills of Lading		506
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		506
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		506
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		506
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		506
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		507
4.1 Ship Arrests		507
4.2 Maritime Liens		507
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		508
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		508
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		509
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		510
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		510
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		510
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		510
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		511
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		512
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		512
5. Passenger Claims		512
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		512
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		513
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		513
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		513
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		513
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		513
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		514
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		514
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		514
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		514
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		514
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		514
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		515
8.3 Trade Sanctions		515
8.4 International Conflict(s)		515
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		515
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		515
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		528
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		528
1.2 Port State Control		528
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		529
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		530
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		530
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		530
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		530
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		531
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		531
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		531
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		531
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		531
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		532
3. Cargo Claims		532
3.1 Bills of Lading		532
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		532
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		532
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		533
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		533
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		533
4.1 Ship Arrests		533
4.2 Maritime Liens		533
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		535
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		535
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		536
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		536
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		536
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		536
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		537
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		537
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		538
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		539
5. Passenger Claims		539
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		539
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		541
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		541
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		542
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		542
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		542
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		542
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		543
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		543
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		543
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		544
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		544
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		544
8.3 Trade Sanctions		545
8.4 International Conflict(s)		545
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		545
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		545
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		557
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		557
1.2 Port State Control		557
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		557
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		557
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		557
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		557
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		557
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		558
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		558
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		558
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		559
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		559
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		559
3. Cargo Claims		559
3.1 Bills of Lading		559
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		560
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		560
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		561
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		561
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		561
4.1 Ship Arrests		561
4.2 Maritime Liens		561
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		562
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		562
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		563
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		563
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		563
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		563
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		563
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		564
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		564
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		565
5. Passenger Claims		565
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		565
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		565
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		565
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		566
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		566
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		566
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		566
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		566
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		567
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		567
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		567
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		567
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		567
8.3 Trade Sanctions		567
8.4 International Conflict(s)		568
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		569
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		569
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		573
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		573
1.2 Port State Control		573
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		574
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		574
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		575
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		575
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		575
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		576
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		576
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		576
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		577
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		577
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		579
3. Cargo Claims		579
3.1 Bills of Lading		579
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		579
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		579
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		580
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		580
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		580
4.1 Ship Arrests		580
4.2 Maritime Liens		580
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		582
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		582
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		583
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		583
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		583
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		584
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		584
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		584
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		586
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		587
5. Passenger Claims		587
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		587
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		587
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		587
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		588
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		589
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		589
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		589
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		590
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		590
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		590
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		591
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		591
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		591
8.3 Trade Sanctions		592
8.4 International Conflict(s)		592
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		592
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		592
1. Maritime and Shipping Legislation and Regulation		597
1.1 Domestic Laws Establishing the Authorities of the Maritime and Shipping Courts		597
1.2 Port State Control		597
1.3 Domestic Legislation Applicable to Ship Registration		597
1.4 Requirements for Ownership of Vessels		598
1.5 Temporary Registration of Vessels		598
1.6 Registration of Mortgages		598
1.7 Ship Ownership and Mortgages Registry		598
2. Marine Casualties and Owners’ Liability		599
2.1 International Conventions: Pollution and Wreck Removal		599
2.2 International Conventions: Collision and Salvage		599
2.3 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims		600
2.4 Procedure and Requirements for Establishing a Limitation Fund		600
2.5 Seafarers’ Safety and Owners’ Liability		600
3. Cargo Claims		601
3.1 Bills of Lading		601
3.2 Title to Sue on a Bill of Lading		601
3.3 Ship-Owners’ Liability and Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damages		601
3.4 Misdeclaration of Cargo		601
3.5 Time Bar for Filing Claims for Damaged or Lost Cargo		601
4. Maritime Liens and Ship Arrests		602
4.1 Ship Arrests		602
4.2 Maritime Liens		602
4.3 Liability in Personam for Owners or Demise Charterers		602
4.4 Unpaid Bunkers		602
4.5 Arresting a Vessel		603
4.6 Arresting Bunkers and Freight		603
4.7 Sister-Ship Arrest		603
4.8 Other Ways of Obtaining Attachment Orders		603
4.9 Releasing an Arrested Vessel		603
4.10 Procedure for the Judicial Sale of Arrested Ships		604
4.11 Insolvency Laws Applied by Maritime Courts		604
4.12 Damages in the Event of Wrongful Arrest of a Vessel		604
5. Passenger Claims		605
5.1 Laws and Conventions Applicable to the Resolution of Passenger Claims		605
6. Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses		605
6.1 Enforcement of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Stated in Bills of Lading		605
6.2 Enforcement of Law and Arbitration Clauses Incorporated Into a Bill of Lading		606
6.3 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards		606
6.4 Arrest of Vessels Subject to Foreign Arbitration or Jurisdiction		606
6.5 Domestic Arbitration Institutes		606
6.6 Remedies Where Proceedings Are Commenced in Breach of Foreign Jurisdiction or Arbitration Clauses		607
7. Ship-Owners’ Income Tax Relief		607
7.1 Exemptions or Tax Reliefs on the Income of Ship-Owners’ Companies		607
8. Implications of Non-Performance, the IMO 2020, Trade Sanctions and the War in Ukraine		607
8.1 Force Majeure and Frustration		607
8.2 Enforcement of the IMO 2020 Rule Relating to Limitation on the Sulphur Content of Fuel Oil		608
8.3 Trade Sanctions		608
8.4 International Conflict(s)		610
9. Additional Maritime or Shipping Issues		610
9.1 Other Jurisdiction-Specific Shipping and Maritime Issues		610

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