i Table of contents 925

International Arbitration 2025

Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers

INTRODUCTION		7
Contributed by Gary Born and Matteo Angelini, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr		7
AUSTRIA		12
Law and Practice		12
Contributed by KNOETZL		12
Trends and Developments		25
Contributed by KNOETZL		25
BANGLADESH		32
Law and Practice		32
Contributed by Dr Kamal Hossain and Associates		32
BELGIUM		47
Law and Practice		47
Contributed by Freshfields LLP		47
Trends and Developments		60
Contributed by Freshfields LLP		60
BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA		67
Trends and Developments		67
Contributed by Gecić Law		67
BRAZIL		73
Law and Practice		73
Contributed by Thomaz Bastos, Waisberg, Kurzweil Advogados		73
Trends and Developments		85
Contributed by Ferro, Castro Neves, Daltro & Gomide Advogados		85
CANADA		90
Law and Practice		90
Contributed by Lawson Lundell LLP		90
Trends and Developments		102
Contributed by Lawson Lundell LLP		102
CAYMAN ISLANDS		106
Law and Practice		106
Contributed by Appleby		106
CHILE		116
Law and Practice		116
Contributed by Jana & Gil Dispute Resolution		116
Trends and Developments		133
Contributed by Pellegrini y Rencoret		133
CHINA		139
Law and Practice		139
Contributed by Global Law Office		139
Trends and Developments		158
Contributed by DLA Piper UK LLP		158
DENMARK		165
Law and Practice		165
Contributed by Bech-Bruun		165
Trends and Developments		181
Contributed by Bech-Bruun		181
EGYPT		186
Law and Practice		186
Contributed by Khodeir & Partners		186
ENGLAND & WALES		203
Law and Practice		203
Contributed by Slaughter and May		203
FINLAND		222
Law and Practice		222
Contributed by HPP Attorneys Ltd		222
FRANCE		235
Law and Practice		235
Contributed by BDGS Associés		235
GEORGIA		250
Law and Practice		250
Contributed by Nodia, Urumashvili and Partners		250
GERMANY		264
Law and Practice		264
Contributed by Herbert Smith Freehills Kramer LLP		264
Trends and Developments		281
Contributed by Pfitzner Legal		281
GREECE		288
Law and Practice		288
Contributed by Dryllerakis Law Firm		288
Trends and Developments		302
Contributed by Dryllerakis Law Firm		302
HUNGARY		310
Law and Practice		310
Contributed by Oppenheim Law Firm		310
INDIA		324
Law and Practice		324
Contributed by Svarniti Law Offices		324
Trends and Developments		341
Contributed by Svarniti Law Offices		341
INDONESIA		346
Law and Practice		346
Contributed by ABNR Counsellors at Law		346
Trends and Developments		362
Contributed by ABNR Counsellors at Law		362
ISRAEL		367
Law and Practice		367
Contributed by Goldfarb Gross Seligman & Co		367
Trends and Developments		375
Contributed by Goldfarb Gross Seligman & Co		375
ITALY		379
Law and Practice		379
Contributed by LCA Studio Legale		379
JAPAN		393
Trends and Developments		393
Contributed by Mori Hamada & Matsumoto		393
KAZAKHSTAN		399
Law and Practice		399
Contributed by Legit Advocates’ Bureau		399
LEBANON		414
Law and Practice		414
Contributed by Alem & Associates		414
Trends and Developments		431
Contributed by Alem & Associates		431
LIECHTENSTEIN		434
Law and Practice		434
Contributed by Schurti Partners Attorneys at Law Ltd		434
LUXEMBOURG		448
Law and Practice		448
Contributed by KLEYR_GRASSO		448
Trends and Developments		461
Contributed by KLEYR_GRASSO		461
MALAYSIA		467
Law and Practice		467
Contributed by Shearn Delamore & Co		467
Trends and Developments		484
Contributed by Shearn Delamore & Co		484
MALTA		490
Law and Practice		490
Contributed by Ganado Advocates		490
Trends and Developments		506
Contributed by Ganado Advocates		506
MAURITIUS		512
Law and Practice		512
Contributed by BLC Robert & Associates		512
Trends and Developments		529
Contributed by Steven and Associates Law Firm		529
MEXICO		532
Law and Practice		532
Contributed by Bufete Asali		532
Trends and Developments		548
Contributed by LITREDI		548
NIGERIA		553
Law and Practice		553
Contributed by Africa Law Practice NG & Company		553
Trends and Developments		569
Contributed by Olajide Oyewole LLP (DLA Piper Africa, Nigeria)		569
NORWAY		575
Law and Practice		575
Contributed by Advokatfirmaet Thommessen AS		575
Trends and Developments		589
Contributed by Advokatfirmaet Thommessen AS		589
PANAMA		595
Law and Practice		595
Contributed by FABREGA MOLINO		595
Trends and Developments		602
Contributed by FABREGA MOLINO		602
PHILIPPINES		606
Law and Practice		606
Contributed by SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan		606
Trends and Developments		624
Contributed by SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan (Makati City - HQ)		624
POLAND		629
Law and Practice		629
Contributed by Sołtysiński Kawecki & Szlęzak		629
Trends and Developments		642
Contributed by Sołtysiński Kawecki & Szlęzak		642
ROMANIA		647
Law and Practice		647
Contributed by Zamfirescu Racoți Vasile & Partners Attorneys At Law		647
Trends and Developments		661
Contributed by Zamfirescu Racoți Vasile & Partners Attorneys At Law		661
SAUDI ARABIA		665
Law and Practice		665
Contributed by Khoshaim & Associates		665
Trends and Developments		683
Contributed by Khoshaim & Associates		683
SENEGAL		689
Law and Practice		689
Contributed by AF Legal		689
Trends and Developments		706
Contributed by AF Legal		706
SINGAPORE		711
Law and Practice		711
Contributed by WongPartnership LLP		711
Trends and Developments		728
Contributed by WongPartnership LLP		728
SOUTH AFRICA		735
Law and Practice		735
Contributed by Herbert Smith Freehills Kramer		735
Trends and Developments		756
Contributed by Herbert Smith Freehills Kramer		756
SOUTH KOREA		762
Law and Practice		762
Contributed by Yulchon LLC		762
Trends and Developments		779
Contributed by Yulchon LLC		779
SPAIN		785
Law and Practice		785
Contributed by Cases & Lacambra		785
SRI LANKA		798
Law and Practice		798
Contributed by Law Chambers of Amrit Rajapakse		798
SUDAN		809
Law and Practice		809
Contributed by Omer Ali Law Firm		809
Trends and Developments		822
Contributed by Omer Ali Law Firm		822
SWITZERLAND		827
Law and Practice		827
Contributed by GABRIEL Arbitration		827
THAILAND		843
Trends and Developments		843
Contributed by Baker McKenzie		843
TURKS & CAICOS		847
Law and Practice		847
Contributed by Wilson Wells		847
UAE		856
Law and Practice		856
Contributed by BSA Law		856
UK		870
Trends and Developments		870
Contributed by King & Spalding International LLP		870
URUGUAY		876
Law and Practice		876
Contributed by Bergstein Abogados		876
USA		887
Law and Practice		887
Contributed by Norton Rose Fulbright		887
Trends and Developments		899
Contributed by Norton Rose Fulbright		899
USA – FLORIDA		905
Trends and Developments		905
Contributed by King & Spalding LLP		905
VIETNAM		912
Law and Practice		912
Contributed by VILAF		912
1. General		15
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		15
1.2 Key Industries		15
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		15
1.4 National Courts		15
2. Governing Legislation		15
2.1 Governing Law		15
2.2 Changes to National Law		15
3. The Arbitration Agreement		16
3.1 Enforceability		16
3.2 Arbitrability		16
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		16
3.4 Validity		17
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		17
4.1 Limits on Selection		17
4.2 Default Procedures		17
4.3 Court Intervention		17
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		17
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		18
5. Jurisdiction		18
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		18
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		18
5.3 Timing of Challenge		18
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		19
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		19
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		19
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		19
6.1 Types of Relief		19
6.2 Role of Courts		19
6.3 Security for Costs		19
7. Procedure		20
7.1 Governing Rules		20
7.2 Procedural Steps		20
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		20
7.4 Legal Representatives		20
8. Evidence		20
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		20
8.2 Rules of Evidence		20
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		21
9. Confidentiality		21
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		21
10. The Award		21
10.1 Legal Requirements		21
10.2 Types of Remedies		21
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		21
11. Review of an Award		22
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		22
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		22
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		22
12. Enforcement of an Award		22
12.1 New York Convention		22
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		23
12.3 Approach of the Courts		23
13. Miscellaneous		23
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		23
13.2 Ethical Codes		24
13.3 Third-Party Funding		24
13.4 Consolidation		24
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		24
1. General		34
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		34
1.2 Key Industries		34
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		34
1.4 National Courts		35
2. Governing Legislation		35
2.1 Governing Law		35
2.2 Changes to National Law		36
3. The Arbitration Agreement		36
3.1 Enforceability		36
3.2 Arbitrability		36
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		37
3.4 Validity		37
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		37
4.1 Limits on Selection		37
4.2 Default Procedures		38
4.3 Court Intervention		38
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		38
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		39
5. Jurisdiction		39
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		39
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		39
5.3 Timing of Challenge		39
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		39
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		40
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		40
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		40
6.1 Types of Relief		40
6.2 Role of Courts		40
6.3 Security for Costs		41
7. Procedure		41
7.1 Governing Rules		41
7.2 Procedural Steps		41
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		41
7.4 Legal Representatives		42
8. Evidence		42
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		42
8.2 Rules of Evidence		42
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		42
9. Confidentiality		43
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		43
10. The Award		43
10.1 Legal Requirements		43
10.2 Types of Remedies		43
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		43
11. Review of an Award		44
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		44
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		44
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		44
12. Enforcement of an Award		45
12.1 New York Convention		45
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		45
12.3 Approach of the Courts		46
13. Miscellaneous		46
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		46
13.2 Ethical Codes		46
13.3 Third-Party Funding		46
13.4 Consolidation		46
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		46
1. General		49
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		49
1.2 Key Industries		49
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		49
1.4 National Courts		49
2. Governing Legislation		49
2.1 Governing Law		49
2.2 Changes to National Law		49
3. The Arbitration Agreement		50
3.1 Enforceability		50
3.2 Arbitrability		50
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		50
3.4 Validity		50
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		51
4.1 Limits on Selection		51
4.2 Default Procedures		51
4.3 Court Intervention		51
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		51
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		51
5. Jurisdiction		52
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		52
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		52
5.3 Timing of Challenge		52
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		52
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		53
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		53
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		53
6.1 Types of Relief		53
6.2 Role of Courts		53
6.3 Security for Costs		54
7. Procedure		54
7.1 Governing Rules		54
7.2 Procedural Steps		54
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		54
7.4 Legal Representatives		55
8. Evidence		55
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		55
8.2 Rules of Evidence		55
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		55
9. Confidentiality		55
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		55
10. The Award		56
10.1 Legal Requirements		56
10.2 Types of Remedies		56
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		56
11. Review of an Award		56
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		56
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		56
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		57
12. Enforcement of an Award		57
12.1 New York Convention		57
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		57
12.3 Approach of the Courts		58
13. Miscellaneous		58
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		58
13.2 Ethical Codes		58
13.3 Third-Party Funding		58
13.4 Consolidation		59
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		59
1. General		75
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		75
1.2 Key Industries		75
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		75
1.4 National Courts		75
2. Governing Legislation		76
2.1 Governing Law		76
2.2 Changes to National Law		76
3. The Arbitration Agreement		76
3.1 Enforceability		76
3.2 Arbitrability		77
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		77
3.4 Validity		77
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		77
4.1 Limits on Selection		77
4.2 Default Procedures		77
4.3 Court Intervention		78
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		78
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		78
5. Jurisdiction		78
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		78
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		79
5.3 Timing of Challenge		79
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		79
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		79
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		79
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		79
6.1 Types of Relief		79
6.2 Role of Courts		80
6.3 Security for Costs		80
7. Procedure		80
7.1 Governing Rules		80
7.2 Procedural Steps		80
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		80
7.4 Legal Representatives		80
8. Evidence		81
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		81
8.2 Rules of Evidence		81
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		81
9. Confidentiality		81
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		81
10. The Award		81
10.1 Legal Requirements		81
10.2 Types of Remedies		82
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		82
11. Review of an Award		82
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		82
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		82
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		83
12. Enforcement of an Award		83
12.1 New York Convention		83
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		83
12.3 Approach of the Courts		83
13. Miscellaneous		84
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		84
13.2 Ethical Codes		84
13.3 Third-Party Funding		84
13.4 Consolidation		84
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		84
1. General		92
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		92
1.2 Key Industries		92
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		92
1.4 National Courts		92
2. Governing Legislation		93
2.1 Governing Law		93
2.2 Changes to National Law		93
3. The Arbitration Agreement		93
3.1 Enforceability		93
3.2 Arbitrability		93
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		93
3.4 Validity		93
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		94
4.1 Limits on Selection		94
4.2 Default Procedures		94
4.3 Court Intervention		94
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		94
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		94
5. Jurisdiction		94
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		94
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		95
5.3 Timing of Challenge		95
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		95
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		95
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		95
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		96
6.1 Types of Relief		96
6.2 Role of Courts		96
6.3 Security for Costs		97
7. Procedure		97
7.1 Governing Rules		97
7.2 Procedural Steps		97
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		97
7.4 Legal Representatives		98
8. Evidence		98
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		98
8.2 Rules of Evidence		98
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		98
9. Confidentiality		98
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		98
10. The Award		99
10.1 Legal Requirements		99
10.2 Types of Remedies		99
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		99
11. Review of an Award		100
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		100
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		100
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		100
12. Enforcement of an Award		100
12.1 New York Convention		100
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		101
12.3 Approach of the Courts		101
13. Miscellaneous		101
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		101
13.2 Ethical Codes		101
13.3 Third-Party Funding		101
13.4 Consolidation		101
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		101
1. General		108
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		108
1.2 Key Industries		108
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		108
1.4 National Courts		108
2. Governing Legislation		108
2.1 Governing Law		108
2.2 Changes to National Law		108
3. The Arbitration Agreement		108
3.1 Enforceability		108
3.2 Arbitrability		109
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		109
3.4 Validity		109
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		109
4.1 Limits on Selection		109
4.2 Default Procedures		109
4.3 Court Intervention		110
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		110
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		110
5. Jurisdiction		110
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		110
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		110
5.3 Timing of Challenge		110
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		110
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		110
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		111
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		111
6.1 Types of Relief		111
6.2 Role of Courts		111
6.3 Security for Costs		111
7. Procedure		111
7.1 Governing Rules		111
7.2 Procedural Steps		111
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		112
7.4 Legal Representatives		112
8. Evidence		112
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		112
8.2 Rules of Evidence		112
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		112
9. Confidentiality		113
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		113
10. The Award		113
10.1 Legal Requirements		113
10.2 Types of Remedies		113
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		113
11. Review of an Award		113
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		113
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		114
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		114
12. Enforcement of an Award		114
12.1 New York Convention		114
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		114
12.3 Approach of the Courts		114
13. Miscellaneous		114
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		114
13.2 Ethical Codes		114
13.3 Third-Party Funding		115
13.4 Consolidation		115
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		115
1. General		118
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		118
1.2 Key Industries		118
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		118
1.4 National Courts		119
2. Governing Legislation		120
2.1 Governing Law		120
2.2 Changes to National Law		120
3. The Arbitration Agreement		120
3.1 Enforceability		120
3.2 Arbitrability		120
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		121
3.4 Validity		121
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		122
4.1 Limits on Selection		122
4.2 Default Procedures		122
4.3 Court Intervention		122
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		123
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		123
5. Jurisdiction		124
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		124
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		124
5.3 Timing of Challenge		124
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		124
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		124
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		124
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		124
6.1 Types of Relief		124
6.2 Role of Courts		125
6.3 Security for Costs		125
7. Procedure		125
7.1 Governing Rules		125
7.2 Procedural Steps		126
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		126
7.4 Legal Representatives		126
8. Evidence		126
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		126
8.2 Rules of Evidence		127
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		127
9. Confidentiality		127
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		127
10. The Award		127
10.1 Legal Requirements		127
10.2 Types of Remedies		127
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		127
11. Review of an Award		128
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		128
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		129
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		129
12. Enforcement of an Award		129
12.1 New York Convention		129
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		129
12.3 Approach of the Courts		130
13. Miscellaneous		130
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		130
13.2 Ethical Codes		130
13.3 Third-Party Funding		131
13.4 Consolidation		131
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		131
1. General		141
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		141
1.2 Key Industries		141
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		141
1.4 National Courts		142
2. Governing Legislation		142
2.1 Governing Law		142
2.2 Changes to National Law		143
3. The Arbitration Agreement		143
3.1 Enforceability		143
3.2 Arbitrability		144
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		144
3.4 Validity		144
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		144
4.1 Limits on Selection		144
4.2 Default Procedures		145
4.3 Court Intervention		145
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		145
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		146
5. Jurisdiction		146
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		146
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		146
5.3 Timing of Challenge		147
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		147
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		147
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		148
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		148
6.1 Types of Relief		148
6.2 Role of Courts		148
6.3 Security for Costs		149
7. Procedure		149
7.1 Governing Rules		149
7.2 Procedural Steps		149
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		150
7.4 Legal Representatives		150
8. Evidence		150
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		150
8.2 Rules of Evidence		151
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		151
9. Confidentiality		152
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		152
10. The Award		152
10.1 Legal Requirements		152
10.2 Types of Remedies		153
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		153
11. Review of an Award		153
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		153
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		154
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		154
12. Enforcement of an Award		154
12.1 New York Convention		154
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		155
12.3 Approach of the Courts		155
13. Miscellaneous		156
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		156
13.2 Ethical Codes		156
13.3 Third-Party Funding		157
13.4 Consolidation		157
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		157
1. General		168
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		168
1.2 Key Industries		168
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		168
1.4 National Courts		169
2. Governing Legislation		169
2.1 Governing Law		169
2.2 Changes to National Law		169
3. The Arbitration Agreement		169
3.1 Enforceability		169
3.2 Arbitrability		169
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		170
3.4 Validity		170
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		170
4.1 Limits on Selection		170
4.2 Default Procedures		171
4.3 Court Intervention		171
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		171
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		172
5. Jurisdiction		172
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		172
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		172
5.3 Timing of Challenge		172
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		173
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		173
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		173
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		173
6.1 Types of Relief		173
6.2 Role of Courts		174
6.3 Security for Costs		174
7. Procedure		175
7.1 Governing Rules		175
7.2 Procedural Steps		175
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		175
7.4 Legal Representatives		176
8. Evidence		176
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		176
8.2 Rules of Evidence		176
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		176
9. Confidentiality		177
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		177
10. The Award		177
10.1 Legal Requirements		177
10.2 Types of Remedies		177
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		177
11. Review of an Award		178
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		178
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		178
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		178
12. Enforcement of an Award		178
12.1 New York Convention		178
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		178
12.3 Approach of the Courts		179
13. Miscellaneous		179
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		179
13.2 Ethical Codes		179
13.3 Third-Party Funding		179
13.4 Consolidation		180
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		180
1. General		188
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		188
1.2 Key Industries		188
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		189
1.4 National Courts		189
2. Governing Legislation		190
2.1 Governing Law		190
2.2 Changes to National Law		190
3. The Arbitration Agreement		191
3.1 Enforceability		191
3.2 Arbitrability		191
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		191
3.4 Validity		192
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		192
4.1 Limits on Selection		192
4.2 Default Procedures		192
4.3 Court Intervention		193
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		193
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		193
5. Jurisdiction		194
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		194
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		194
5.3 Timing of Challenge		194
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		194
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		194
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		194
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		195
6.1 Types of Relief		195
6.2 Role of Courts		195
6.3 Security for Costs		195
7. Procedure		195
7.1 Governing Rules		195
7.2 Procedural Steps		195
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		196
7.4 Legal Representatives		196
8. Evidence		196
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		196
8.2 Rules of Evidence		197
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		197
9. Confidentiality		197
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		197
10. The Award		198
10.1 Legal Requirements		198
10.2 Types of Remedies		198
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		198
11. Review of an Award		198
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		198
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		199
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		199
12. Enforcement of an Award		199
12.1 New York Convention		199
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		200
12.3 Approach of the Courts		200
13. Miscellaneous		201
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		201
13.2 Ethical Codes		201
13.3 Third-Party Funding		201
13.4 Consolidation		202
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		202
1. General		205
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		205
1.2 Key Industries		205
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		205
1.4 National Courts		205
2. Governing Legislation		206
2.1 Governing Law		206
2.2 Changes to National Law		206
3. The Arbitration Agreement		206
3.1 Enforceability		206
3.2 Arbitrability		206
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		207
3.4 Validity		208
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		208
4.1 Limits on Selection		208
4.2 Default Procedures		208
4.3 Court Intervention		209
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		209
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		209
5. Jurisdiction		210
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		210
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		210
5.3 Timing of Challenge		210
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		211
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		211
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		212
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		212
6.1 Types of Relief		212
6.2 Role of Courts		212
6.3 Security for Costs		213
7. Procedure		213
7.1 Governing Rules		213
7.2 Procedural Steps		213
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		213
7.4 Legal Representatives		213
8. Evidence		214
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		214
8.2 Rules of Evidence		214
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		214
9. Confidentiality		214
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		214
10. The Award		215
10.1 Legal Requirements		215
10.2 Types of Remedies		215
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		216
11. Review of an Award		216
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		216
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		218
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		218
12. Enforcement of an Award		218
12.1 New York Convention		218
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		218
12.3 Approach of the Courts		219
13. Miscellaneous		220
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		220
13.2 Ethical Codes		220
13.3 Third-Party Funding		220
13.4 Consolidation		220
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		221
1. General		224
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		224
1.2 Key Industries		224
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		224
1.4 National Courts		224
2. Governing Legislation		224
2.1 Governing Law		224
2.2 Changes to National Law		225
3. The Arbitration Agreement		225
3.1 Enforceability		225
3.2 Arbitrability		225
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		225
3.4 Validity		225
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		225
4.1 Limits on Selection		225
4.2 Default Procedures		226
4.3 Court Intervention		226
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		226
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		226
5. Jurisdiction		226
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		226
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		227
5.3 Timing of Challenge		227
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		227
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		227
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		227
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		228
6.1 Types of Relief		228
6.2 Role of Courts		228
6.3 Security for Costs		228
7. Procedure		228
7.1 Governing Rules		228
7.2 Procedural Steps		229
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		229
7.4 Legal Representatives		229
8. Evidence		229
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		229
8.2 Rules of Evidence		230
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		230
9. Confidentiality		230
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		230
10. The Award		231
10.1 Legal Requirements		231
10.2 Types of Remedies		231
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		231
11. Review of an Award		231
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		231
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		232
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		232
12. Enforcement of an Award		232
12.1 New York Convention		232
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		232
12.3 Approach of the Courts		233
13. Miscellaneous		233
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		233
13.2 Ethical Codes		233
13.3 Third-Party Funding		233
13.4 Consolidation		233
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		234
1. General		237
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		237
1.2 Key Industries		237
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		237
1.4 National Courts		237
2. Governing Legislation		238
2.1 Governing Law		238
2.2 Changes to National Law		238
3. The Arbitration Agreement		239
3.1 Enforceability		239
3.2 Arbitrability		239
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		239
3.4 Validity		239
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		239
4.1 Limits on Selection		239
4.2 Default Procedures		240
4.3 Court Intervention		240
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		241
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		241
5. Jurisdiction		242
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		242
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		242
5.3 Timing of Challenge		242
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		242
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		242
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		242
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		243
6.1 Types of Relief		243
6.2 Role of Courts		243
6.3 Security for Costs		244
7. Procedure		244
7.1 Governing Rules		244
7.2 Procedural Steps		244
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		244
7.4 Legal Representatives		244
8. Evidence		245
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		245
8.2 Rules of Evidence		245
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		245
9. Confidentiality		245
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		245
10. The Award		245
10.1 Legal Requirements		245
10.2 Types of Remedies		246
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		246
11. Review of an Award		246
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		246
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		246
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		246
12. Enforcement of an Award		247
12.1 New York Convention		247
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		247
12.3 Approach of the Courts		248
13. Miscellaneous		248
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		248
13.2 Ethical Codes		248
13.3 Third-Party Funding		248
13.4 Consolidation		249
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		249
1. General		252
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		252
1.2 Key Industries		252
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		252
1.4 National Courts		253
2. Governing Legislation		253
2.1 Governing Law		253
2.2 Changes to National Law		253
3. The Arbitration Agreement		253
3.1 Enforceability		253
3.2 Arbitrability		253
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		254
3.4 Validity		255
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		255
4.1 Limits on Selection		255
4.2 Default Procedures		255
4.3 Court Intervention		255
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		255
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		256
5. Jurisdiction		256
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		256
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		256
5.3 Timing of Challenge		257
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		257
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		257
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		258
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		258
6.1 Types of Relief		258
6.2 Role of Courts		258
6.3 Security for Costs		259
7. Procedure		259
7.1 Governing Rules		259
7.2 Procedural Steps		259
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		259
7.4 Legal Representatives		259
8. Evidence		259
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		259
8.2 Rules of Evidence		260
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		260
9. Confidentiality		260
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		260
10. The Award		260
10.1 Legal Requirements		260
10.2 Types of Remedies		260
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		260
11. Review of an Award		261
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		261
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		261
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		261
12. Enforcement of an Award		261
12.1 New York Convention		261
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		262
12.3 Approach of the Courts		262
13. Miscellaneous		263
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		263
13.2 Ethical Codes		263
13.3 Third-Party Funding		263
13.4 Consolidation		263
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		263
1. General		267
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		267
1.2 Key Industries		267
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		267
1.4 National Courts		267
2. Governing Legislation		268
2.1 Governing Law		268
2.2 Changes to National Law		268
3. The Arbitration Agreement		269
3.1 Enforceability		269
3.2 Arbitrability		269
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		270
3.4 Validity		270
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		270
4.1 Limits on Selection		270
4.2 Default Procedures		271
4.3 Court Intervention		271
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		271
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		272
5. Jurisdiction		272
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		272
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		272
5.3 Timing of Challenge		273
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		273
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		273
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		273
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		273
6.1 Types of Relief		273
6.2 Role of Courts		274
6.3 Security for Costs		274
7. Procedure		274
7.1 Governing Rules		274
7.2 Procedural Steps		274
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		275
7.4 Legal Representatives		275
8. Evidence		275
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		275
8.2 Rules of Evidence		276
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		276
9. Confidentiality		276
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		276
10. The Award		276
10.1 Legal Requirements		276
10.2 Types of Remedies		277
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		277
11. Review of an Award		278
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		278
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		278
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		278
12. Enforcement of an Award		278
12.1 New York Convention		278
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		279
12.3 Approach of the Courts		279
13. Miscellaneous		279
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		279
13.2 Ethical Codes		280
13.3 Third-Party Funding		280
13.4 Consolidation		280
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		280
1. General		290
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		290
1.2 Key Industries		290
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		291
1.4 National Courts		291
2. Governing Legislation		291
2.1 Governing Law		291
2.2 Changes to National Law		292
3. The Arbitration Agreement		292
3.1 Enforceability		292
3.2 Arbitrability		292
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		292
3.4 Validity		292
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		292
4.1 Limits on Selection		292
4.2 Default Procedures		292
4.3 Court Intervention		293
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		293
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		293
5. Jurisdiction		293
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		293
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		294
5.3 Timing of Challenge		294
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		294
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		294
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		295
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		295
6.1 Types of Relief		295
6.2 Role of Courts		295
6.3 Security for Costs		296
7. Procedure		296
7.1 Governing Rules		296
7.2 Procedural Steps		296
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		296
7.4 Legal Representatives		296
8. Evidence		296
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		296
8.2 Rules of Evidence		297
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		297
9. Confidentiality		297
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		297
10. The Award		297
10.1 Legal Requirements		297
10.2 Types of Remedies		298
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		298
11. Review of an Award		298
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		298
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		299
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		299
12. Enforcement of an Award		299
12.1 New York Convention		299
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		300
12.3 Approach of the Courts		300
13. Miscellaneous		300
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		300
13.2 Ethical Codes		300
13.3 Third-Party Funding		301
13.4 Consolidation		301
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		301
1. General		312
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		312
1.2 Key Industries		312
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		312
1.4 National Courts		312
2. Governing Legislation		313
2.1 Governing Law		313
2.2 Changes to National Law		313
3. The Arbitration Agreement		313
3.1 Enforceability		313
3.2 Arbitrability		314
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		314
3.4 Validity		314
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		314
4.1 Limits on Selection		314
4.2 Default Procedures		315
4.3 Court Intervention		315
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		315
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		316
5. Jurisdiction		316
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		316
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		316
5.3 Timing of Challenge		316
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		317
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		317
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		317
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		317
6.1 Types of Relief		317
6.2 Role of Courts		318
6.3 Security for Costs		318
7. Procedure		318
7.1 Governing Rules		318
7.2 Procedural Steps		319
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		319
7.4 Legal Representatives		319
8. Evidence		319
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		319
8.2 Rules of Evidence		319
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		320
9. Confidentiality		320
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		320
10. The Award		320
10.1 Legal Requirements		320
10.2 Types of Remedies		320
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		320
11. Review of an Award		321
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		321
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		322
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		322
12. Enforcement of an Award		322
12.1 New York Convention		322
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		322
12.3 Approach of the Courts		322
13. Miscellaneous		323
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		323
13.2 Ethical Codes		323
13.3 Third-Party Funding		323
13.4 Consolidation		323
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		323
1. General		326
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		326
1.2 Key Industries		326
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		326
1.4 National Courts		326
2. Governing Legislation		326
2.1 Governing Law		326
2.2 Changes to National Law		327
3. The Arbitration Agreement		328
3.1 Enforceability		328
3.2 Arbitrability		328
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		329
3.4 Validity		329
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		329
4.1 Limits on Selection		329
4.2 Default Procedures		330
4.3 Court Intervention		330
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		330
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		330
5. Jurisdiction		331
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		331
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		331
5.3 Timing of Challenge		331
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		331
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		331
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		332
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		332
6.1 Types of Relief		332
6.2 Role of Courts		332
6.3 Security for Costs		333
7. Procedure		333
7.1 Governing Rules		333
7.2 Procedural Steps		333
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		334
7.4 Legal Representatives		334
8. Evidence		334
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		334
8.2 Rules of Evidence		335
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		335
9. Confidentiality		335
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		335
10. The Award		336
10.1 Legal Requirements		336
10.2 Types of Remedies		336
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		336
11. Review of an Award		337
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		337
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		337
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		337
12. Enforcement of an Award		338
12.1 New York Convention		338
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		338
12.3 Approach of the Courts		339
13. Miscellaneous		339
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		339
13.2 Ethical Codes		339
13.3 Third-Party Funding		339
13.4 Consolidation		340
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		340
1. General		348
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		348
1.2 Key Industries		348
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		349
1.4 National Courts		349
2. Governing Legislation		349
2.1 Governing Law		349
2.2 Changes to National Law		350
3. The Arbitration Agreement		350
3.1 Enforceability		350
3.2 Arbitrability		350
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		351
3.4 Validity		351
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		351
4.1 Limits on Selection		351
4.2 Default Procedures		351
4.3 Court Intervention		352
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		352
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		352
5. Jurisdiction		352
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		352
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		353
5.3 Timing of Challenge		353
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		353
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		353
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		353
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		354
6.1 Types of Relief		354
6.2 Role of Courts		354
6.3 Security for Costs		354
7. Procedure		354
7.1 Governing Rules		354
7.2 Procedural Steps		354
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		355
7.4 Legal Representatives		355
8. Evidence		356
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		356
8.2 Rules of Evidence		356
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		356
9. Confidentiality		356
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		356
10. The Award		356
10.1 Legal Requirements		356
10.2 Types of Remedies		357
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		357
11. Review of an Award		357
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		357
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		358
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		358
12. Enforcement of an Award		358
12.1 New York Convention		358
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		358
12.3 Approach of the Courts		360
13. Miscellaneous		361
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		361
13.2 Ethical Codes		361
13.3 Third-Party Funding		361
13.4 Consolidation		361
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		361
1. General		369
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		369
1.2 Key Industries		369
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		369
1.4 National Courts		369
2. Governing Legislation		369
2.1 Governing Law		369
2.2 Changes to National Law		369
3. The Arbitration Agreement		369
3.1 Enforceability		369
3.2 Arbitrability		370
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		370
3.4 Validity		370
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		370
4.1 Limits on Selection		370
4.2 Default Procedures		370
4.3 Court Intervention		370
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		370
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		371
5. Jurisdiction		371
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		371
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		371
5.3 Timing of Challenge		371
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		371
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		371
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		371
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		371
6.1 Types of Relief		371
6.2 Role of Courts		372
6.3 Security for Costs		372
7. Procedure		372
7.1 Governing Rules		372
7.2 Procedural Steps		372
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		372
7.4 Legal Representatives		372
8. Evidence		372
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		372
8.2 Rules of Evidence		372
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		372
9. Confidentiality		372
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		372
10. The Award		372
10.1 Legal Requirements		372
10.2 Types of Remedies		372
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		373
11. Review of an Award		373
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		373
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		373
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		373
12. Enforcement of an Award		373
12.1 New York Convention		373
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		373
12.3 Approach of the Courts		373
13. Miscellaneous		373
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		373
13.2 Ethical Codes		373
13.3 Third-Party Funding		373
13.4 Consolidation		373
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		373
1. General		381
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		381
1.2 Key Industries		381
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		381
1.4 National Courts		381
2. Governing Legislation		382
2.1 Governing Law		382
2.2 Changes to National Law		382
3. The Arbitration Agreement		382
3.1 Enforceability		382
3.2 Arbitrability		383
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		383
3.4 Validity		383
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		383
4.1 Limits on Selection		383
4.2 Default Procedures		384
4.3 Court Intervention		384
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		384
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		384
5. Jurisdiction		385
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		385
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		385
5.3 Timing of Challenge		385
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		385
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		385
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		385
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		386
6.1 Types of Relief		386
6.2 Role of Courts		386
6.3 Security for Costs		386
7. Procedure		387
7.1 Governing Rules		387
7.2 Procedural Steps		387
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		387
7.4 Legal Representatives		387
8. Evidence		388
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		388
8.2 Rules of Evidence		388
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		388
9. Confidentiality		388
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		388
10. The Award		388
10.1 Legal Requirements		388
10.2 Types of Remedies		389
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		389
11. Review of an Award		389
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		389
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		390
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		390
12. Enforcement of an Award		390
12.1 New York Convention		390
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		390
12.3 Approach of the Courts		391
13. Miscellaneous		391
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		391
13.2 Ethical Codes		391
13.3 Third-Party Funding		391
13.4 Consolidation		391
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		391
1. General		401
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		401
1.2 Key Industries		401
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		401
1.4 National Courts		401
2. Governing Legislation		402
2.1 Governing Law		402
2.2 Changes to National Law		402
3. The Arbitration Agreement		402
3.1 Enforceability		402
3.2 Arbitrability		402
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		403
3.4 Validity		403
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		403
4.1 Limits on Selection		403
4.2 Default Procedures		403
4.3 Court Intervention		404
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		404
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		404
5. Jurisdiction		404
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		404
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		404
5.3 Timing of Challenge		405
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		405
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		405
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		405
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		405
6.1 Types of Relief		405
6.2 Role of Courts		406
6.3 Security for Costs		406
7. Procedure		406
7.1 Governing Rules		406
7.2 Procedural Steps		407
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		407
7.4 Legal Representatives		407
8. Evidence		408
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		408
8.2 Rules of Evidence		408
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		408
9. Confidentiality		408
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		408
10. The Award		409
10.1 Legal Requirements		409
10.2 Types of Remedies		409
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		409
11. Review of an Award		410
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		410
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		411
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		411
12. Enforcement of an Award		411
12.1 New York Convention		411
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		411
12.3 Approach of the Courts		412
13. Miscellaneous		412
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		412
13.2 Ethical Codes		412
13.3 Third-Party Funding		413
13.4 Consolidation		413
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		413
1. General		416
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		416
1.2 Key Industries		417
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		417
1.4 National Courts		418
2. Governing Legislation		418
2.1 Governing Law		418
2.2 Changes to National Law		418
3. The Arbitration Agreement		419
3.1 Enforceability		419
3.2 Arbitrability		419
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		420
3.4 Validity		420
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		420
4.1 Limits on Selection		420
4.2 Default Procedures		421
4.3 Court Intervention		421
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		421
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		422
5. Jurisdiction		422
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		422
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		422
5.3 Timing of Challenge		423
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		423
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		423
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		423
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		424
6.1 Types of Relief		424
6.2 Role of Courts		424
6.3 Security for Costs		424
7. Procedure		425
7.1 Governing Rules		425
7.2 Procedural Steps		425
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		425
7.4 Legal Representatives		425
8. Evidence		425
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		425
8.2 Rules of Evidence		426
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		426
9. Confidentiality		426
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		426
10. The Award		427
10.1 Legal Requirements		427
10.2 Types of Remedies		427
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		427
11. Review of an Award		427
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		427
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		428
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		428
12. Enforcement of an Award		428
12.1 New York Convention		428
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		429
12.3 Approach of the Courts		430
13. Miscellaneous		430
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		430
13.2 Ethical Codes		430
13.3 Third-Party Funding		430
13.4 Consolidation		430
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		430
1. General		436
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		436
1.2 Key Industries		436
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		437
1.4 National Courts		437
2. Governing Legislation		437
2.1 Governing Law		437
2.2 Changes to National Law		438
3. The Arbitration Agreement		438
3.1 Enforceability		438
3.2 Arbitrability		438
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		438
3.4 Validity		438
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		439
4.1 Limits on Selection		439
4.2 Default Procedures		439
4.3 Court Intervention		439
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		439
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		440
5. Jurisdiction		440
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		440
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		440
5.3 Timing of Challenge		440
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		441
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		441
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		441
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		441
6.1 Types of Relief		441
6.2 Role of Courts		442
6.3 Security for Costs		442
7. Procedure		442
7.1 Governing Rules		442
7.2 Procedural Steps		442
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		443
7.4 Legal Representatives		443
8. Evidence		443
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		443
8.2 Rules of Evidence		443
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		443
9. Confidentiality		444
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		444
10. The Award		444
10.1 Legal Requirements		444
10.2 Types of Remedies		445
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		445
11. Review of an Award		445
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		445
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		446
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		446
12. Enforcement of an Award		446
12.1 New York Convention		446
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		446
12.3 Approach of the Courts		446
13. Miscellaneous		447
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		447
13.2 Ethical Codes		447
13.3 Third-Party Funding		447
13.4 Consolidation		447
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		447
1. General		450
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		450
1.2 Key Industries		450
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		450
1.4 National Courts		451
2. Governing Legislation		451
2.1 Governing Law		451
2.2 Changes to National Law		451
3. The Arbitration Agreement		452
3.1 Enforceability		452
3.2 Arbitrability		452
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		452
3.4 Validity		452
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		453
4.1 Limits on Selection		453
4.2 Default Procedures		453
4.3 Court Intervention		453
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		454
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		454
5. Jurisdiction		454
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		454
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		454
5.3 Timing of Challenge		455
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		455
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		455
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		455
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		456
6.1 Types of Relief		456
6.2 Role of Courts		456
6.3 Security for Costs		456
7. Procedure		456
7.1 Governing Rules		456
7.2 Procedural Steps		456
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		456
7.4 Legal Representatives		457
8. Evidence		457
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		457
8.2 Rules of Evidence		457
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		457
9. Confidentiality		458
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		458
10. The Award		458
10.1 Legal Requirements		458
10.2 Types of Remedies		458
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		458
11. Review of an Award		459
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		459
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		459
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		459
12. Enforcement of an Award		459
12.1 New York Convention		459
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		460
12.3 Approach of the Courts		460
13. Miscellaneous		460
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		460
13.2 Ethical Codes		460
13.3 Third-Party Funding		460
13.4 Consolidation		460
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		460
1. General		469
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		469
1.2 Key Industries		469
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		469
1.4 National Courts		470
2. Governing Legislation		470
2.1 Governing Law		470
2.2 Changes to National Law		471
3. The Arbitration Agreement		471
3.1 Enforceability		471
3.2 Arbitrability		471
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		472
3.4 Validity		473
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		473
4.1 Limits on Selection		473
4.2 Default Procedures		473
4.3 Court Intervention		474
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		474
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		474
5. Jurisdiction		475
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		475
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		475
5.3 Timing of Challenge		475
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		475
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		475
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		476
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		476
6.1 Types of Relief		476
6.2 Role of Courts		476
6.3 Security for Costs		477
7. Procedure		477
7.1 Governing Rules		477
7.2 Procedural Steps		477
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		478
7.4 Legal Representatives		478
8. Evidence		478
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		478
8.2 Rules of Evidence		479
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		479
9. Confidentiality		479
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		479
10. The Award		479
10.1 Legal Requirements		479
10.2 Types of Remedies		480
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		480
11. Review of an Award		480
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		480
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		481
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		481
12. Enforcement of an Award		481
12.1 New York Convention		481
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		481
12.3 Approach of the Courts		482
13. Miscellaneous		482
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		482
13.2 Ethical Codes		482
13.3 Third-Party Funding		482
13.4 Consolidation		483
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		483
1. General		492
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		492
1.2 Key Industries		492
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		492
1.4 National Courts		493
2. Governing Legislation		493
2.1 Governing Law		493
2.2 Changes to National Law		493
3. The Arbitration Agreement		494
3.1 Enforceability		494
3.2 Arbitrability		494
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		494
3.4 Validity		495
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		495
4.1 Limits on Selection		495
4.2 Default Procedures		495
4.3 Court Intervention		496
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		496
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		496
5. Jurisdiction		496
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		496
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		497
5.3 Timing of Challenge		497
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		497
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		497
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		497
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		498
6.1 Types of Relief		498
6.2 Role of Courts		498
6.3 Security for Costs		498
7. Procedure		499
7.1 Governing Rules		499
7.2 Procedural Steps		499
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		499
7.4 Legal Representatives		500
8. Evidence		500
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		500
8.2 Rules of Evidence		500
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		500
9. Confidentiality		501
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		501
10. The Award		501
10.1 Legal Requirements		501
10.2 Types of Remedies		501
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		502
11. Review of an Award		502
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		502
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		503
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		503
12. Enforcement of an Award		503
12.1 New York Convention		503
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		503
12.3 Approach of the Courts		504
13. Miscellaneous		504
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		504
13.2 Ethical Codes		504
13.3 Third-Party Funding		505
13.4 Consolidation		505
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		505
1. General		514
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		514
1.2 Key Industries		514
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		514
1.4 National Courts		514
2. Governing Legislation		514
2.1 Governing Law		514
2.2 Changes to National Law		515
3. The Arbitration Agreement		515
3.1 Enforceability		515
3.2 Arbitrability		515
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		516
3.4 Validity		516
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		516
4.1 Limits on Selection		516
4.2 Default Procedures		516
4.3 Court Intervention		517
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		517
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		517
5. Jurisdiction		517
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		517
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		518
5.3 Timing of Challenge		518
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		518
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		518
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		518
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		519
6.1 Types of Relief		519
6.2 Role of Courts		519
6.3 Security for Costs		521
7. Procedure		521
7.1 Governing Rules		521
7.2 Procedural Steps		521
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		521
7.4 Legal Representatives		521
8. Evidence		521
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		521
8.2 Rules of Evidence		522
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		522
9. Confidentiality		522
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		522
10. The Award		522
10.1 Legal Requirements		522
10.2 Types of Remedies		522
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		523
11. Review of an Award		523
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		523
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		524
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		524
12. Enforcement of an Award		525
12.1 New York Convention		525
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		525
12.3 Approach of the Courts		526
13. Miscellaneous		527
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		527
13.2 Ethical Codes		527
13.3 Third-Party Funding		527
13.4 Consolidation		528
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		528
1. General		534
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		534
1.2 Key Industries		534
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		535
1.4 National Courts		535
2. Governing Legislation		535
2.1 Governing Law		535
2.2 Changes to National Law		536
3. The Arbitration Agreement		536
3.1 Enforceability		536
3.2 Arbitrability		536
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		537
3.4 Validity		538
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		538
4.1 Limits on Selection		538
4.2 Default Procedures		538
4.3 Court Intervention		538
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		538
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		539
5. Jurisdiction		539
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		539
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		539
5.3 Timing of Challenge		539
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		540
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		540
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		540
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		541
6.1 Types of Relief		541
6.2 Role of Courts		541
6.3 Security for Costs		541
7. Procedure		541
7.1 Governing Rules		541
7.2 Procedural Steps		542
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		542
7.4 Legal Representatives		542
8. Evidence		543
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		543
8.2 Rules of Evidence		543
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		543
9. Confidentiality		543
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		543
10. The Award		544
10.1 Legal Requirements		544
10.2 Types of Remedies		544
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		544
11. Review of an Award		545
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		545
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		545
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		545
12. Enforcement of an Award		545
12.1 New York Convention		545
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		545
12.3 Approach of the Courts		546
13. Miscellaneous		546
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		546
13.2 Ethical Codes		546
13.3 Third-Party Funding		547
13.4 Consolidation		547
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		547
1. General		555
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		555
1.2 Key Industries		555
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		556
1.4 National Courts		556
2. Governing Legislation		557
2.1 Governing Law		557
2.2 Changes to National Law		557
3. The Arbitration Agreement		557
3.1 Enforceability		557
3.2 Arbitrability		558
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		558
3.4 Validity		558
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		558
4.1 Limits on Selection		558
4.2 Default Procedures		559
4.3 Court Intervention		559
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		559
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		559
5. Jurisdiction		560
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		560
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		560
5.3 Timing of Challenge		560
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		560
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		561
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		561
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		561
6.1 Types of Relief		561
6.2 Role of Courts		561
6.3 Security for Costs		562
7. Procedure		562
7.1 Governing Rules		562
7.2 Procedural Steps		562
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		563
7.4 Legal Representatives		563
8. Evidence		563
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		563
8.2 Rules of Evidence		564
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		564
9. Confidentiality		564
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		564
10. The Award		564
10.1 Legal Requirements		564
10.2 Types of Remedies		565
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		565
11. Review of an Award		565
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		565
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		565
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		566
12. Enforcement of an Award		566
12.1 New York Convention		566
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		566
12.3 Approach of the Courts		567
13. Miscellaneous		567
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		567
13.2 Ethical Codes		567
13.3 Third-Party Funding		567
13.4 Consolidation		568
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		568
1. General		577
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		577
1.2 Key Industries		577
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		577
1.4 National Courts		578
2. Governing Legislation		578
2.1 Governing Law		578
2.2 Changes to National Law		578
3. The Arbitration Agreement		578
3.1 Enforceability		578
3.2 Arbitrability		578
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		579
3.4 Validity		579
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		580
4.1 Limits on Selection		580
4.2 Default Procedures		580
4.3 Court Intervention		580
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		580
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		580
5. Jurisdiction		581
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		581
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		581
5.3 Timing of Challenge		581
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		582
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		582
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		582
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		582
6.1 Types of Relief		582
6.2 Role of Courts		582
6.3 Security for Costs		582
7. Procedure		582
7.1 Governing Rules		582
7.2 Procedural Steps		583
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		583
7.4 Legal Representatives		583
8. Evidence		584
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		584
8.2 Rules of Evidence		584
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		584
9. Confidentiality		584
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		584
10. The Award		585
10.1 Legal Requirements		585
10.2 Types of Remedies		585
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		585
11. Review of an Award		585
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		585
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		586
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		586
12. Enforcement of an Award		586
12.1 New York Convention		586
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		586
12.3 Approach of the Courts		587
13. Miscellaneous		587
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		587
13.2 Ethical Codes		587
13.3 Third-Party Funding		587
13.4 Consolidation		587
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		587
1. General		597
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		597
1.2 Key Industries		597
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		597
1.4 National Courts		597
2. Governing Legislation		597
2.1 Governing Law		597
2.2 Changes to National Law		597
3. The Arbitration Agreement		597
3.1 Enforceability		597
3.2 Arbitrability		597
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		597
3.4 Validity		597
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		597
4.1 Limits on Selection		597
4.2 Default Procedures		597
4.3 Court Intervention		598
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		598
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		598
5. Jurisdiction		598
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		598
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		598
5.3 Timing of Challenge		598
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		598
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		598
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		598
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		599
6.1 Types of Relief		599
6.2 Role of Courts		599
6.3 Security for Costs		599
7. Procedure		599
7.1 Governing Rules		599
7.2 Procedural Steps		599
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		599
7.4 Legal Representatives		599
8. Evidence		599
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		599
8.2 Rules of Evidence		599
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		600
9. Confidentiality		600
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		600
10. The Award		600
10.1 Legal Requirements		600
10.2 Types of Remedies		600
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		600
11. Review of an Award		600
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		600
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		601
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		601
12. Enforcement of an Award		601
12.1 New York Convention		601
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		601
12.3 Approach of the Courts		601
13. Miscellaneous		601
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		601
13.2 Ethical Codes		601
13.3 Third-Party Funding		601
13.4 Consolidation		601
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		601
1. General		608
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		608
1.2 Key Industries		608
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		608
1.4 National Courts		608
2. Governing Legislation		609
2.1 Governing Law		609
2.2 Changes to National Law		609
3. The Arbitration Agreement		609
3.1 Enforceability		609
3.2 Arbitrability		609
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		609
3.4 Validity		610
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		610
4.1 Limits on Selection		610
4.2 Default Procedures		610
4.3 Court Intervention		610
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		610
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		611
5. Jurisdiction		611
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		611
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		611
5.3 Timing of Challenge		611
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		612
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		612
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		612
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		612
6.1 Types of Relief		612
6.2 Role of Courts		613
6.3 Security for Costs		613
7. Procedure		614
7.1 Governing Rules		614
7.2 Procedural Steps		614
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		614
7.4 Legal Representatives		615
8. Evidence		615
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		615
8.2 Rules of Evidence		615
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		615
9. Confidentiality		616
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		616
10. The Award		616
10.1 Legal Requirements		616
10.2 Types of Remedies		616
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		616
11. Review of an Award		617
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		617
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		618
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		618
12. Enforcement of an Award		619
12.1 New York Convention		619
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		619
12.3 Approach of the Courts		621
13. Miscellaneous		621
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		621
13.2 Ethical Codes		621
13.3 Third-Party Funding		622
13.4 Consolidation		622
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		622
1. General		631
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		631
1.2 Key Industries		631
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		631
1.4 National Courts		632
2. Governing Legislation		632
2.1 Governing Law		632
2.2 Changes to National Law		632
3. The Arbitration Agreement		632
3.1 Enforceability		632
3.2 Arbitrability		633
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		633
3.4 Validity		634
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		634
4.1 Limits on Selection		634
4.2 Default Procedures		634
4.3 Court Intervention		634
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		634
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		635
5. Jurisdiction		635
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		635
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		635
5.3 Timing of Challenge		635
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		635
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		636
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		636
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		636
6.1 Types of Relief		636
6.2 Role of Courts		636
6.3 Security for Costs		636
7. Procedure		637
7.1 Governing Rules		637
7.2 Procedural Steps		637
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		637
7.4 Legal Representatives		637
8. Evidence		637
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		637
8.2 Rules of Evidence		637
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		638
9. Confidentiality		638
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		638
10. The Award		638
10.1 Legal Requirements		638
10.2 Types of Remedies		638
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		638
11. Review of an Award		639
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		639
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		639
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		639
12. Enforcement of an Award		640
12.1 New York Convention		640
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		640
12.3 Approach of the Courts		640
13. Miscellaneous		640
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		640
13.2 Ethical Codes		641
13.3 Third-Party Funding		641
13.4 Consolidation		641
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		641
1. General		648
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		648
1.2 Key Industries		649
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		649
1.4 National Courts		650
2. Governing Legislation		650
2.1 Governing Law		650
2.2 Changes to National Law		650
3. The Arbitration Agreement		650
3.1 Enforceability		650
3.2 Arbitrability		650
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		651
3.4 Validity		651
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		651
4.1 Limits on Selection		651
4.2 Default Procedures		651
4.3 Court Intervention		652
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		652
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		653
5. Jurisdiction		653
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		653
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		653
5.3 Timing of Challenge		653
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		653
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		654
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		654
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		654
6.1 Types of Relief		654
6.2 Role of Courts		655
6.3 Security for Costs		655
7. Procedure		655
7.1 Governing Rules		655
7.2 Procedural Steps		656
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		656
7.4 Legal Representatives		656
8. Evidence		656
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		656
8.2 Rules of Evidence		656
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		657
9. Confidentiality		657
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		657
10. The Award		657
10.1 Legal Requirements		657
10.2 Types of Remedies		657
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		658
11. Review of an Award		658
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		658
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		658
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		659
12. Enforcement of an Award		659
12.1 New York Convention		659
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		659
12.3 Approach of the Courts		660
13. Miscellaneous		660
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		660
13.2 Ethical Codes		660
13.3 Third-Party Funding		660
13.4 Consolidation		660
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		660
1. General		667
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		667
1.2 Key Industries		667
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		667
1.4 National Courts		668
2. Governing Legislation		668
2.1 Governing Law		668
2.2 Changes to National Law		668
3. The Arbitration Agreement		669
3.1 Enforceability		669
3.2 Arbitrability		669
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		670
3.4 Validity		670
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		670
4.1 Limits on Selection		670
4.2 Default Procedures		670
4.3 Court Intervention		671
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		671
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		672
5. Jurisdiction		672
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		672
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		672
5.3 Timing of Challenge		672
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		672
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		672
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		672
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		673
6.1 Types of Relief		673
6.2 Role of Courts		673
6.3 Security for Costs		673
7. Procedure		673
7.1 Governing Rules		673
7.2 Procedural Steps		674
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		674
7.4 Legal Representatives		675
8. Evidence		675
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		675
8.2 Rules of Evidence		676
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		676
9. Confidentiality		676
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		676
10. The Award		676
10.1 Legal Requirements		676
10.2 Types of Remedies		677
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		677
11. Review of an Award		678
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		678
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		678
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		678
12. Enforcement of an Award		679
12.1 New York Convention		679
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		679
12.3 Approach of the Courts		680
13. Miscellaneous		681
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		681
13.2 Ethical Codes		681
13.3 Third-Party Funding		681
13.4 Consolidation		681
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		682
1. General		691
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		691
1.2 Key Industries		691
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		692
1.4 National Courts		692
2. Governing Legislation		692
2.1 Governing Law		692
2.2 Changes to National Law		693
3. The Arbitration Agreement		693
3.1 Enforceability		693
3.2 Arbitrability		693
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		694
3.4 Validity		694
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		695
4.1 Limits on Selection		695
4.2 Default Procedures		695
4.3 Court Intervention		695
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		696
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		696
5. Jurisdiction		697
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		697
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		697
5.3 Timing of Challenge		697
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		697
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		698
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		698
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		698
6.1 Types of Relief		698
6.2 Role of Courts		698
6.3 Security for Costs		699
7. Procedure		699
7.1 Governing Rules		699
7.2 Procedural Steps		699
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		700
7.4 Legal Representatives		700
8. Evidence		701
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		701
8.2 Rules of Evidence		701
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		701
9. Confidentiality		702
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		702
10. The Award		702
10.1 Legal Requirements		702
10.2 Types of Remedies		702
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		702
11. Review of an Award		702
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		702
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		703
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		703
12. Enforcement of an Award		703
12.1 New York Convention		703
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		703
12.3 Approach of the Courts		704
13. Miscellaneous		704
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		704
13.2 Ethical Codes		705
13.3 Third-Party Funding		705
13.4 Consolidation		705
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		705
1. General		714
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		714
1.2 Key Industries		714
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		714
1.4 National Courts		714
2. Governing Legislation		715
2.1 Governing Law		715
2.2 Changes to National Law		715
3. The Arbitration Agreement		715
3.1 Enforceability		715
3.2 Arbitrability		716
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		716
3.4 Validity		716
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		717
4.1 Limits on Selection		717
4.2 Default Procedures		717
4.3 Court Intervention		717
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		717
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		718
5. Jurisdiction		718
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		718
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		718
5.3 Timing of Challenge		718
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		718
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		719
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		719
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		719
6.1 Types of Relief		719
6.2 Role of Courts		720
6.3 Security for Costs		720
7. Procedure		720
7.1 Governing Rules		720
7.2 Procedural Steps		720
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		721
7.4 Legal Representatives		721
8. Evidence		721
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		721
8.2 Rules of Evidence		721
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		721
9. Confidentiality		722
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		722
10. The Award		722
10.1 Legal Requirements		722
10.2 Types of Remedies		722
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		723
11. Review of an Award		723
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		723
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		724
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		724
12. Enforcement of an Award		725
12.1 New York Convention		725
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		725
12.3 Approach of the Courts		726
13. Miscellaneous		726
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		726
13.2 Ethical Codes		726
13.3 Third-Party Funding		726
13.4 Consolidation		727
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		727
1. General		737
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		737
1.2 Key Industries		737
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		738
1.4 National Courts		738
2. Governing Legislation		738
2.1 Governing Law		738
2.2 Changes to National Law		739
3. The Arbitration Agreement		739
3.1 Enforceability		739
3.2 Arbitrability		739
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		739
3.4 Validity		740
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		741
4.1 Limits on Selection		741
4.2 Default Procedures		741
4.3 Court Intervention		741
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		741
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		741
5. Jurisdiction		742
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		742
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		742
5.3 Timing of Challenge		743
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		743
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		743
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		743
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		744
6.1 Types of Relief		744
6.2 Role of Courts		744
6.3 Security for Costs		745
7. Procedure		746
7.1 Governing Rules		746
7.2 Procedural Steps		746
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		746
7.4 Legal Representatives		747
8. Evidence		747
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		747
8.2 Rules of Evidence		748
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		748
9. Confidentiality		749
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		749
10. The Award		749
10.1 Legal Requirements		749
10.2 Types of Remedies		750
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		750
11. Review of an Award		751
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		751
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		751
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		751
12. Enforcement of an Award		752
12.1 New York Convention		752
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		752
12.3 Approach of the Courts		753
13. Miscellaneous		754
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		754
13.2 Ethical Codes		754
13.3 Third-Party Funding		754
13.4 Consolidation		754
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		755
1. General		764
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		764
1.2 Key Industries		765
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		765
1.4 National Courts		766
2. Governing Legislation		766
2.1 Governing Law		766
2.2 Changes to National Law		766
3. The Arbitration Agreement		766
3.1 Enforceability		766
3.2 Arbitrability		767
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		767
3.4 Validity		768
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		768
4.1 Limits on Selection		768
4.2 Default Procedures		768
4.3 Court Intervention		769
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		769
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		769
5. Jurisdiction		770
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		770
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		770
5.3 Timing of Challenge		770
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		770
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		770
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		771
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		771
6.1 Types of Relief		771
6.2 Role of Courts		771
6.3 Security for Costs		772
7. Procedure		772
7.1 Governing Rules		772
7.2 Procedural Steps		772
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		773
7.4 Legal Representatives		773
8. Evidence		773
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		773
8.2 Rules of Evidence		774
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		774
9. Confidentiality		774
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		774
10. The Award		774
10.1 Legal Requirements		774
10.2 Types of Remedies		775
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		775
11. Review of an Award		775
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		775
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		776
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		776
12. Enforcement of an Award		776
12.1 New York Convention		776
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		776
12.3 Approach of the Courts		777
13. Miscellaneous		777
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		777
13.2 Ethical Codes		777
13.3 Third-Party Funding		777
13.4 Consolidation		778
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		778
1. General		787
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		787
1.2 Key Industries		787
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		787
1.4 National Courts		788
2. Governing Legislation		788
2.1 Governing Law		788
2.2 Changes to National Law		788
3. The Arbitration Agreement		788
3.1 Enforceability		788
3.2 Arbitrability		789
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		789
3.4 Validity		789
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		789
4.1 Limits on Selection		789
4.2 Default Procedures		789
4.3 Court Intervention		790
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		790
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		790
5. Jurisdiction		790
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		790
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		790
5.3 Timing of Challenge		791
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		791
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		791
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		791
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		791
6.1 Types of Relief		791
6.2 Role of Courts		791
6.3 Security for Costs		792
7. Procedure		792
7.1 Governing Rules		792
7.2 Procedural Steps		792
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		792
7.4 Legal Representatives		792
8. Evidence		792
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		792
8.2 Rules of Evidence		793
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		793
9. Confidentiality		793
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		793
10. The Award		793
10.1 Legal Requirements		793
10.2 Types of Remedies		793
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		794
11. Review of an Award		794
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		794
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		794
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		795
12. Enforcement of an Award		795
12.1 New York Convention		795
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		795
12.3 Approach of the Courts		796
13. Miscellaneous		796
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		796
13.2 Ethical Codes		796
13.3 Third-Party Funding		796
13.4 Consolidation		797
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		797
1. General		800
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		800
1.2 Key Industries		800
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		800
1.4 National Courts		800
2. Governing Legislation		800
2.1 Governing Law		800
2.2 Changes to National Law		800
3. The Arbitration Agreement		800
3.1 Enforceability		800
3.2 Arbitrability		800
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		801
3.4 Validity		801
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		801
4.1 Limits on Selection		801
4.2 Default Procedures		801
4.3 Court Intervention		801
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		801
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		802
5. Jurisdiction		802
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		802
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		802
5.3 Timing of Challenge		803
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		803
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		803
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		803
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		804
6.1 Types of Relief		804
6.2 Role of Courts		804
6.3 Security for Costs		804
7. Procedure		804
7.1 Governing Rules		804
7.2 Procedural Steps		804
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		805
7.4 Legal Representatives		805
8. Evidence		805
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		805
8.2 Rules of Evidence		805
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		805
9. Confidentiality		806
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		806
10. The Award		806
10.1 Legal Requirements		806
10.2 Types of Remedies		806
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		806
11. Review of an Award		806
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		806
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		807
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		807
12. Enforcement of an Award		807
12.1 New York Convention		807
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		807
12.3 Approach of the Courts		808
13. Miscellaneous		808
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		808
13.2 Ethical Codes		808
13.3 Third-Party Funding		808
13.4 Consolidation		808
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		808
1. General		811
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		811
1.2 Key Industries		811
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		811
1.4 National Courts		812
2. Governing Legislation		812
2.1 Governing Law		812
2.2 Changes to National Law		813
3. The Arbitration Agreement		813
3.1 Enforceability		813
3.2 Arbitrability		813
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		813
3.4 Validity		814
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		814
4.1 Limits on Selection		814
4.2 Default Procedures		814
4.3 Court Intervention		814
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		814
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		814
5. Jurisdiction		815
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		815
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		815
5.3 Timing of Challenge		815
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		815
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		815
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		815
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		815
6.1 Types of Relief		815
6.2 Role of Courts		815
6.3 Security for Costs		816
7. Procedure		816
7.1 Governing Rules		816
7.2 Procedural Steps		816
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		817
7.4 Legal Representatives		817
8. Evidence		817
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		817
8.2 Rules of Evidence		817
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		817
9. Confidentiality		817
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		817
10. The Award		818
10.1 Legal Requirements		818
10.2 Types of Remedies		818
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		818
11. Review of an Award		819
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		819
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		819
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		819
12. Enforcement of an Award		819
12.1 New York Convention		819
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		819
12.3 Approach of the Courts		820
13. Miscellaneous		820
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		820
13.2 Ethical Codes		821
13.3 Third-Party Funding		821
13.4 Consolidation		821
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		821
1. General		829
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		829
1.2 Key Industries		829
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		830
2. Governing Legislation		831
2.1 Governing Law		831
2.2 Changes to National Law		831
3. The Arbitration Agreement		831
3.1 Enforceability		831
3.2 Arbitrability		832
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		832
3.4 Validity		832
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		833
4.1 Limits on Selection		833
4.2 Default Procedures		833
4.3 Court Intervention		833
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		833
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		834
5. Jurisdiction		834
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		834
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		834
5.3 Timing of Challenge		834
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		835
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		835
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		835
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		835
6.1 Types of Relief		835
6.2 Role of Courts		836
6.3 Security for Costs		836
7. Procedure		836
7.1 Governing Rules		836
7.2 Procedural Steps		836
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		836
7.4 Legal Representatives		837
8. Evidence		837
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		837
8.2 Rules of Evidence		837
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		838
9. Confidentiality		838
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		838
10. The Award		838
10.1 Legal Requirements		838
10.2 Types of Remedies		838
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		839
11. Review of an Award		839
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		839
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		840
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		840
12. Enforcement of an Award		840
12.1 New York Convention		840
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		840
12.3 Approach of the Courts		841
13. Miscellaneous		841
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		841
13.2 Ethical Codes		841
13.3 Third-Party Funding		841
13.4 Consolidation		841
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		842
1. General		849
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		849
1.2 Key Industries		849
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		849
1.4 National Courts		849
2. Governing Legislation		849
2.1 Governing Law		849
2.2 Changes to National Law		849
3. The Arbitration Agreement		849
3.1 Enforceability		849
3.2 Arbitrability		849
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		850
3.4 Validity		850
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		850
4.1 Limits on Selection		850
4.2 Default Procedures		850
4.3 Court Intervention		850
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		850
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		850
5. Jurisdiction		850
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		850
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		850
5.3 Timing of Challenge		850
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		851
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		851
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		851
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		851
6.1 Types of Relief		851
6.2 Role of Courts		851
6.3 Security for Costs		851
7. Procedure		851
7.1 Governing Rules		851
7.2 Procedural Steps		851
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		852
7.4 Legal Representatives		852
8. Evidence		852
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		852
8.2 Rules of Evidence		852
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		852
9. Confidentiality		853
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		853
10. The Award		853
10.1 Legal Requirements		853
10.2 Types of Remedies		853
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		853
11. Review of an Award		853
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		853
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		854
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		854
12. Enforcement of an Award		854
12.1 New York Convention		854
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		854
12.3 Approach of the Courts		854
13. Miscellaneous		854
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		854
13.2 Ethical Codes		854
13.3 Third-Party Funding		855
13.4 Consolidation		855
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		855
1. General		858
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		858
1.2 Key Industries		858
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		858
1.4 National Courts		858
2. Governing Legislation		859
2.1 Governing Law		859
2.2 Changes to National Law		859
3. The Arbitration Agreement		859
3.1 Enforceability		859
3.2 Arbitrability		860
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		860
3.4 Validity		860
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		860
4.1 Limits on Selection		860
4.2 Default Procedures		860
4.3 Court Intervention		860
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		861
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		861
5. Jurisdiction		861
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		861
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		861
5.3 Timing of Challenge		862
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		862
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		862
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		862
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		862
6.1 Types of Relief		862
6.2 Role of Courts		862
6.3 Security for Costs		863
7. Procedure		863
7.1 Governing Rules		863
7.2 Procedural Steps		863
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		863
7.4 Legal Representatives		864
8. Evidence		864
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		864
8.2 Rules of Evidence		864
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		864
9. Confidentiality		865
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		865
10. The Award		865
10.1 Legal Requirements		865
10.2 Types of Remedies		866
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		866
11. Review of an Award		866
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		866
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		866
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		866
12. Enforcement of an Award		866
12.1 New York Convention		866
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		867
12.3 Approach of the Courts		868
13. Miscellaneous		868
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		868
13.2 Ethical Codes		868
13.3 Third-Party Funding		868
13.4 Consolidation		868
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		869
1. General		878
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		878
1.2 Key Industries		878
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		878
1.4 National Courts		878
2. Governing Legislation		878
2.1 Governing Law		878
2.2 Changes to National Law		879
3. The Arbitration Agreement		879
3.1 Enforceability		879
3.2 Arbitrability		879
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		879
3.4 Validity		880
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		880
4.1 Limits on Selection		880
4.2 Default Procedures		880
4.3 Court Intervention		880
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		881
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		881
5. Jurisdiction		881
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		881
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		881
5.3 Timing of Challenge		882
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		882
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		882
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		882
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		882
6.1 Types of Relief		882
6.2 Role of Courts		883
6.3 Security for Costs		883
7. Procedure		883
7.1 Governing Rules		883
7.2 Procedural Steps		883
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		884
7.4 Legal Representatives		884
8. Evidence		884
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		884
8.2 Rules of Evidence		884
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		884
9. Confidentiality		884
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		884
10. The Award		884
10.1 Legal Requirements		884
10.2 Types of Remedies		884
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		885
11. Review of an Award		885
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		885
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		885
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		885
12. Enforcement of an Award		885
12.1 New York Convention		885
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		885
12.3 Approach of the Courts		886
13. Miscellaneous		886
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		886
13.2 Ethical Codes		886
13.3 Third-Party Funding		886
13.4 Consolidation		886
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		886
1. General		889
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		889
1.2 Key Industries		889
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		890
1.4 National Courts		890
2. Governing Legislation		890
2.1 Governing Law		890
2.2 Changes to National Law		890
3. The Arbitration Agreement		890
3.1 Enforceability		890
3.2 Arbitrability		890
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		891
3.4 Validity		891
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		891
4.1 Limits on Selection		891
4.2 Default Procedures		891
4.3 Court Intervention		891
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		891
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		891
5. Jurisdiction		892
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		892
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		892
5.3 Timing of Challenge		892
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		892
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		893
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		893
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		893
6.1 Types of Relief		893
6.2 Role of Courts		893
6.3 Security for Costs		893
7. Procedure		894
7.1 Governing Rules		894
7.2 Procedural Steps		894
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		894
7.4 Legal Representatives		894
8. Evidence		894
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		894
8.2 Rules of Evidence		895
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		895
9. Confidentiality		895
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		895
10. The Award		895
10.1 Legal Requirements		895
10.2 Types of Remedies		895
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		895
11. Review of an Award		896
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		896
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		896
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		896
12. Enforcement of an Award		896
12.1 New York Convention		896
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		897
12.3 Approach of the Courts		897
13. Miscellaneous		897
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		897
13.2 Ethical Codes		898
13.3 Third-Party Funding		898
13.4 Consolidation		898
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		898
1. General		914
1.1 Prevalence of Arbitration		914
1.2 Key Industries		914
1.3 Arbitration Institutions		914
1.4 National Courts		915
2. Governing Legislation		915
2.1 Governing Law		915
2.2 Changes to National Law		915
3. The Arbitration Agreement		916
3.1 Enforceability		916
3.2 Arbitrability		916
3.3 National Courts’ Approach		916
3.4 Validity		916
4. The Arbitral Tribunal		916
4.1 Limits on Selection		916
4.2 Default Procedures		917
4.3 Court Intervention		917
4.4 Challenge and Removal of Arbitrators		917
4.5 Arbitrator Requirements		917
5. Jurisdiction		917
5.1 Challenges to Jurisdiction		917
5.2 Circumstances for Court Intervention		918
5.3 Timing of Challenge		918
5.4 Standard of Judicial Review for Jurisdiction/Admissibility		918
5.5 Breach of Arbitration Agreement		918
5.6 Jurisdiction Over Third Parties		918
6. Preliminary and Interim Relief		919
6.1 Types of Relief		919
6.2 Role of Courts		919
6.3 Security for Costs		919
7. Procedure		919
7.1 Governing Rules		919
7.2 Procedural Steps		919
7.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrators		920
7.4 Legal Representatives		920
8. Evidence		920
8.1 Collection and Submission of Evidence		920
8.2 Rules of Evidence		920
8.3 Powers of Compulsion		921
9. Confidentiality		921
9.1 Extent of Confidentiality		921
10. The Award		921
10.1 Legal Requirements		921
10.2 Types of Remedies		922
10.3 Recovering Interest and Legal Costs		922
11. Review of an Award		922
11.1 Grounds for Appeal		922
11.2 Excluding/Expanding the Scope of Appeal		922
11.3 Standard of Judicial Review		922
12. Enforcement of an Award		923
12.1 New York Convention		923
12.2 Enforcement Procedure		923
12.3 Approach of the Courts		923
13. Miscellaneous		924
13.1 Class Action or Group Arbitration		924
13.2 Ethical Codes		924
13.3 Third-Party Funding		924
13.4 Consolidation		924
13.5 Binding of Third Parties		925

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